Impact of democracy on literacy rate

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of democracy indices on the literacy rate. Panel Data of 134 Countries from 2007-2018 were collected from the website the World Bank and Gapminder. This study uses Ordinary Least Square (OLS), Pooled Ordinary Least Square (POLS), Driscoll-Kraay (DK), Second Stage Least Square (2SLS), Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) methods. This research has found that political participation index and political culture index has a significant positive relationship with literacy rate in all the method. The functioning of the government index has a significant positive relationship and electoral process and the pluralism index has a significant negative relationship with literacy rate in all the methods except the GMM method. The civil liberties index has a significant negative relationship with literacy rate in POLS and in the other models, there is no significant relationship between the civil liberties index and literacy rate.

Analysis of emancipatory pedagogy as a tool for democratic classrooms

“…The democratic classroom has been proven effective in developing students holistically and is also significant to students' academic performance and overall achievement (Hope, 2012;Lauder, 2005;Mayes et al, 2016;Tinsley, 2016). Not only that, but it also equips students with critical thinking skills, promote equity and inclusive education, enhance literacy rate, respect for all members of the school community, equal access to opportunities and resources, and enhance diversity management in schools (Biamba et al, 2021;Hosen et al, 2020;Lipsky & Gartner, 2013;Malloy, 2002;Sidebottom, 2019). As good as this concept appears, there seem to be no specific pedagogical guidelines for applying democracy in classrooms, thus, making it difficult for teachers and instructors interested in implementing democratic education.…”