Impact of Demand-Side Management on the Reliability of Generation Systems

Abstract

The load shifting strategy is a form of demand side management program suitable for increasing the reliability of power supply in an electrical network. It functions by clipping the load demand that is above an operator-defined level, at which time is known as peak period, and replaces it at off-peak periods. The load shifting strategy is conventionally performed using the preventive load shifting (PLS) program. In this paper, the corrective load shifting (CLS) program is proven as the better alternative. PLS is implemented when power systems experience contingencies that jeopardise the reliability of the power supply, whereas CLS is implemented only when the inadequacy of the power supply is encountered. The disadvantages of the PLS approach are twofold. First, the clipped energy cannot be totally recovered when it is more than the unused capacity of the off-peak period. The unused capacity is the maximum amount of extra load that can be filled before exceeding the operator-defined level. Second, the PLS approach performs load curtailment without discrimination. This means that load clipping is performed as long as the load is above the operator-defined level even if the power supply is adequate. The CLS program has none of these disadvantages because it is implemented only when there is power supply inadequacy, during which the amount of load clipping is mostly much smaller than the unused capacity of the off-peak period. The performance of the CLS was compared with the PLS by considering chronological load model, duty cycle and the probability of start-up failure for peaking and cycling generators, planned maintenance of the generators and load forecast uncertainty. A newly proposed expected-energy-not-recovered (EENR) index and the well-known expected-energy-not-supplied (EENS) were used to evaluate the performance of proposed CLS. Due to the chronological factor and huge combinations of power system states, the sequential Monte Carlo was employed in this study. The results from this paper show that the proposed CLS yields lower EENS and EENR than PLS and is, therefore, a more robust strategy to be implemented.

A Systematic Review of Reliability Studies on Composite Power Systems: A Coherent Taxonomy Motivations, Open Challenges, Recommendations, and New Research Directions

“…Several researchers have proposed new strategies to enhance the cost efficiency of maintenance and mitigate excessive expenditures while maintain efficient system functions [111]. References [47,48] investigated and optimized the validity of several strategies. The number of spare units is an issue to the utility of power systems.…”

“…Supply side management and demand-side management (DSM) are two strategies that enables the implementation of smart grid. Some of DSM programs demonstrated considerable improvement in reliability of power systems; preventive load shifting, corrective load shifting [47], load shifting [48], and Peak-clipping [49].…”

Adequacy Assessment of Wind Integrated Generating Systems Incorporating Demand Response and Battery Energy Storage System

“…For instance, the ability of ESS to improve the adequacy of a power supply is affected by its charging and discharging cycle, storage capacity, power ratings, and roundtrip efficiency. The DR program is only effective with enough participation and cooperation from electricity consumers and is therefore affected by parameters such as building and occupancy profiles, underlying services, and the desired level of comfort [8,9]. Given the diversification in both technologies, DR is facilitated by different forms of ESS [8,10], especially thermal storage such as hot water tanks and building thermal inertial [11,12], and the more recent electric vehicles and battery ESS (BESS) [13].…”

Object-Oriented Usability Indices for Multi-Objective Demand Side Management Using Teaching-Learning Based Optimization

“…Load shifting is also an alternative method of performing DSM. In this aspect, a corrective load shifting program is found to be a better option to conventional preventive load shifting [4,5]. In another work, loads are categorized in rigid and flexible types, and DSM is performed keeping in mind the adaptability of the flexible loads [6].…”