Impact of demand load size on strategies for reliable process heat supply

Herd, Elk; Lommers, Lewis; Southworth, Frank

doi:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2011.10.031

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Earlier studies have found that high-availability steam can be supplied with secondary combustion boilers-fueled by natural gas, fuel oil, biofuels, or hydrogen-when the primary reactor is unavailable [15], [16]. Based on Framatome's high temperature reactor design, we concluded that a heat storage system might reduce the cost of providing high-availability steam.…”

Section: Heat Storage For Direct Heat Salesmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Nuclear Technology R&D Strategies in an Era of Energy Price Uncertainty

Landsberger

Forsberg

Shahrokhi

2019

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Section: Heat Storage For Direct Heat Salesmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…We assumed that the charging power (steam input from reactor) and discharging power (steam generated from the heat storage system) were equal in all cases. 8,12,16,20,24 Heat Loss Rate,qloss [%/hr] No insulation, 0.1%, 0.01%…”

Section: Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear Technology R&D Strategies in an Era of Energy Price Uncertainty

Landsberger

Forsberg

Shahrokhi

2019

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“…Industrial processes have very high requirements for reliability of steam supplies. Assessments of those requirements 76,77 with the goal of 99.9% reliability often lead to the requirement for "extra" reactors or other equipment to assure steam supplies. Heat storage combined with assured delivery capacity can help meet these requirements while minimizing the number of reactors required to achieve specific reliability goals.…”

Section: Industrial Heat Marketsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variable and Assured Peak Electricity Production from Base-Load Light-Water Reactors with Heat Storage and Auxiliary Combustible Fuels

Forsberg

2018

Nuclear Technology

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In a low-carbon world (nuclear, wind, solar, and hydro) there is the need for assured dispatchable electricity to replace the historical role of fossil fuels. Base-load reactors can provide variable electricity to the grid by (1) sending some of their output (steam) to storage at times of low electricity prices and (2) using stored heat to produce added peak electricity at times of high electricity prices. Heat storage (steam accumulators, sensible heat, etc.) is less expensive than electricity storage (batteries, hydro pumped storage, etc.). The added cost of incrementally larger or standalone turbine generators for peak electricity production is small. However, energy storage systems (heat or electricity) can't provide assured capacity for extreme events, be it supply side (extended low-wind or low-solar conditions in systems with high wind or solar capacity) or demand side (long periods of cold or hot weather). With heat storage systems there is the option to provide peak electricity output when heat storage is depleted by heat addition with a water-tube boiler using natural gas, biofuels, or ultimately hydrogen. Fuel consumption for assured peaking capacity is small because most of the time the heat storage system meets peak electricity demands. The same systems enable reliable low-cost heat production for industry. Such systems enable an all nuclear or nuclear/hydro/ wind/solar/geothermal low-carbon electricity grid.

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“…Industrial processes have very high requirements for reliability (99.9%) of steam supplies. Assessments of those requirements [Herd 2010, Herd 2012 where high-temperature gas-cooled reactors provide the heat often lead to a requirement for "extra" reactors or other equipment to assure steam supplies. The above system design, with heat storage and assured heat production with auxiliary combustor, can help meet these requirements while minimizing the number of reactors required to achieve specific reliability goals.…”

Section: Industrial Heat Marketmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Storage Options for Sodium, Salt and Helium Cooled Reactors to Enable Variable Electricity to the Grid and Heat to Industry with Base-Load Reactor Operations

Forsberg

Sabharwall

2018

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Electricity markets are changing rapidly because of (1) the addition of wind and solar and (2) the goal of a low-carbon electricity grid. These changes result in times of high electricity prices and very low or negative electricity prices. California has seen its first month where more than 20% of the time (mid-day) the wholesale price of electricity was zero or negative. This creates large incentives for coupling heat storage to advanced reactors to enable variable electricity and industrial-heat output (maximize revenue) while the reactor operates at base load (minimize cost).Recent studies have examined coupling various types of heat storage to Rankine and Brayton power cycles. However, there has been little examination of heat-storage options between (1) the reactor and (2) the power-conversion system or industrial customer. Heat-storage systems can be incorporated into sodium, helium-, and salt-cooled reactors. Salt-cooled reactors include the fluoride-salt-cooled high-temperature reactor (FHR) with its solid fuel and clean coolant and the molten salt reactor (MSR) with its fuel dissolved in the salt. For sodium and salt reactors, it is assumed that a heat-storage system would be in the secondary loop between the reactor and power cycle. For helium-cooled reactors, heat storage can be in the primary or secondary loop.This report is a first look at the rational and the heat storage options for deploying gigawatt-watt hour heat-storage systems with GenIV reactors. Economics and safety are the primary selection criteria. The leading heat-storage candidate for sodium-cooled systems (a low-pressure secondary system with small temperature drop across the reactor core) is steel in large tanks with the sodium flowing through channels to move heat in and out of storage. The design minimizes sodium volume in the storage and, thus, the risks and costs associated with sodium. For helium systems (high-pressure with large temperature drop across the core), the leading heat storage options are (1) varying the temperature of the reactor core, (2) steel or alumina firebrick in a secondary pressure vessel and (3) nitrate or hot-rock/firebrick at atmospheric pressure. For salt systems (low pressure, high temperatures, and small temperature drop across the reactor core) the leading heat-storage systems are secondary salts. In each case, options are identified and questions to be addressed are identified.In some cases there is a strong coupling between the heat-storage technology and the power cycle. The leading sodium heat-storage technology may imply changes in the power cycle. High-temperature salt systems couple efficiency to Brayton power cycles that may create large incentives for the heat storage to remain within the power cycle rather than in any intermediate heat transfer loop.iv v CANES PUBLICATIONSTopical and progress reports are published under seven series:

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Impact of demand load size on strategies for reliable process heat supply

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Nuclear Technology R&D Strategies in an Era of Energy Price Uncertainty

Nuclear Technology R&D Strategies in an Era of Energy Price Uncertainty

Variable and Assured Peak Electricity Production from Base-Load Light-Water Reactors with Heat Storage and Auxiliary Combustible Fuels

Heat Storage Options for Sodium, Salt and Helium Cooled Reactors to Enable Variable Electricity to the Grid and Heat to Industry with Base-Load Reactor Operations

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