Impact of DED process parameters on the metallurgical characteristics of 17-4 PH SS deposited using DED

Mathoho, Ipfi; Akinlabi, Esther T.; Arthur, Nana Kk; Tlotleng, Monnamme

doi:10.1016/j.cirpj.2020.07.007

Cited by 28 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…It should be noted that a homogenizing treatment at 1150°C for 2 h can transform δ to γ completely, as shown in Figure 11(c). Precipitation hardening (PH) steels are another grade that are being increasingly adapted for AM [188][189][190][191]. Contrary to their wrought counterparts with fully martensitic microstructure [192], DED PH steels contain both martensite (M) phase as the matrix with retained austenite (γ phase) embedded in it [189][190][191].…”

Section: Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter is a result of residual stresses built up due to high and inherent thermal cycles. It is further stabilized by γ stabilizing elements due to micro-segregation [189–191]. The volume fraction of retained γ phase is sensitive to powder characteristics, processing parameters, and deposition atmosphere [188,189], i.e.…”

Section: Structures Of the Ded-processed Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…enhanced retained γ content was identified in 17-4 PH steel manufactured in Ar atmosphere as shown in Figure 12 [189]. The disparate printing variables lead to a large scatter in the volume fractions of retained γ phase that are reported in several studies, which range from less than 10% to more than 50% [189–191]. Strategies for controlling the retained γ phase content could be developed based on the studies available; for example, an air atmosphere chamber will substantially reduce retained austenite [189].…”

Section: Structures Of the Ded-processed Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Precipitation hardening (PH) steels are another grade that are being increasingly adapted for AM [188][189][190][191]. Contrary to their wrought counterparts with fully martensitic microstructure [192], DED PH steels contain both martensite (M) phase as the matrix with retained austenite (γ phase) embedded in it [189][190][191]. The latter is a result of residual stresses built up due to high Ṫ and inherent thermal cycles.…”

Section: Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Directed energy deposition of metals: processing, microstructures, and mechanical properties

Kumar

Chandra

et al. 2022

International Materials Reviews

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Amongst the many additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, directed energy deposition (DED) is a prominent one, which can also be used for the repair of damaged components. In this paper, we provide an overview on it, with emphasis on the typical microstructures of DED alloys and discuss the processing-microstructure-mechanical property correlations. Comparison is made with those manufactured using the conventional techniques and those obtained with laser beam powder bed fusion (LB-PBF). The characteristic solidification rates and thermal histories in DED result in distinct micro-and meso-structural features and mechanical performance, which are succinctly summarized. The potential of DED for manufacturing graded materials and for component repair is elaborated while highlighting the key-associated challenges and possible solutions. Modelling and simulation studies that facilitate an in-depth understanding of the DED technique are summarized. Finally, some critical issues and research directions that would help develop DED further and extend its application potential are identified.

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Section: Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Structures Of the Ded-processed Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Structures Of the Ded-processed Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Directed energy deposition of metals: processing, microstructures, and mechanical properties

Kumar

Chandra

et al. 2022

International Materials Reviews

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“…The 17-4 PH steel is intensively used in several industrial sectors, such as aeronautics and the automotive industry, for manufacturing components through conventional forming processes and welding. More recently, additive manufacturing (AM) processes [4-6], specifically, laser-direct energy deposition (L-DED) [7][8][9][10] and laserpowder bed fusion (L-PBF) [11][12][13][14][15] techniques, have demonstrated several advantages in the fabrication of structural components with 17-4 PH steel. In particular, the L-DED process consists of a laser source that melts a feedstock powder material simultaneously as it is supplied through a nozzle, until the part is built.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Heat Treatment Parameters on the Microstructure of 17-4 PH Single Tracks Fabricated by Direct Energy Deposition

Merlin,

Morales,

Ferroni

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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Post-fabrication heat treatment (PFHT) is one of the most applied strategies for achieving the desired microstructure and mechanical resistance on additive manufactured components because of the non-equilibrium microstructural state of the material in the as-built condition. In particular, during PFHT, 17-4 PH martensitic stainless steel is mainly strengthened by the precipitation of Cu-rich nanometric particles and Nb carbides into the metal matrix. In this work, the influence of specifically designed PFHTs on the microstructural and mechanical properties of 17-4 PH single tracks fabricated via direct energy deposition was studied. Different solubilization and aging times, as well as a direct aging strategy, were considered. Optical microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the microstructure evolution induced by the PFHTs. Moreover, Vickers microhardness measurements were performed to evaluate the increase in mechanical strength. In all cases, the heat-treated single tracks showed a mean microhardness higher than that of the depositions in the as-built condition. In the single tracks subjected to solution treatment, followed by aging for about 100 h, the presence of both Cu-rich precipitates and Nb carbides was assessed; conversely, when directly aged from the as-built condition, only Nb carbides were detected. In the latter case, the carbides were finer and closer to each other than those in the single tracks aged after the solution treatment.

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Process Parameter Optimization of Directed Energy Deposited QT17‐4+ Steel

Sharma,

Popov,

Farkoosh

et al. 2024

Adv Materials Technologies

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The feasibility of using argon‐atomized QT 17‐4+ stainless steel powder for directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing is studied. The QT 17‐4+ steel is a novel martensitic steel designed based on the compositional modification of the standard 17‐4 precipitation‐hardened (PH) stainless steel. This modification aims to achieve better mechanical properties of as‐deposited components compared to the heat‐treated wrought 17‐4PH steel. In this study, QT 17‐4+ steel powder is used for DED, for the first time. The influence of laser power, laser scan speed, powder feed rate, and hatch overlap on the density is studied. The central composite design is used to determine the experimental matrix of these factors. The response surface methodology is used to obtain the empirical statistical prediction model. Both columnar and equiaxed parent austenite grain structures are observed. X‐ray diffraction analyses reveal a decrease in the percentage of retained austenite from 19% in the powder to 5% after DED. The microhardness of the DED processed sample in the as‐deposited state is slightly higher than that of wrought 17‐4PH steel either solution‐annealed or H900‐aged. A higher 0.2% yield strength, a lower ultimate tensile strength, and lower elongation are observed for the vertically printed test sample, when compared to the horizontal one.

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Impact of DED process parameters on the metallurgical characteristics of 17-4 PH SS deposited using DED

Cited by 28 publications

References 21 publications

Directed energy deposition of metals: processing, microstructures, and mechanical properties

Directed energy deposition of metals: processing, microstructures, and mechanical properties

Influence of Heat Treatment Parameters on the Microstructure of 17-4 PH Single Tracks Fabricated by Direct Energy Deposition

Process Parameter Optimization of Directed Energy Deposited QT17‐4+ Steel

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