Impact of Cyanidin-3-Glucoside on Gut Microbiota and Relationship with Metabolism and Inflammation in High Fat-High Sucrose Diet-Induced Insulin Resistant Mice

Abstract

The present study assessed the effects of freeze-dried cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), an anthocyanin enriched in dark-red berries, compared to Saskatoon berry powder (SBp) on metabolism, inflammatory markers and gut microbiota in high fat-high sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced insulin-resistant mice. Male C57 BL/6J mice received control, HFHS, HFHS + SBp (8.0 g/kg/day) or HFHS + C3G (7.2 mg/kg/day, equivalent C3G in SBp) diet for 11 weeks. The HFHS diet significantly increased plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin resistance and inflammatory markers. The HFHS + SBp diet increased the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes (B/F) ratio and relative abundance of Muriculaceae family bacteria in mouse feces detected using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The HFHS + SBp or HFHS + C3G diet attenuated glucose, lipids, insulin resistance and inflammatory markers, and increased the B/F ratio and Muriculaceae relative abundance compared to the HFHS diet alone. The relative abundances of Muriculaceae negatively correlated with body weight, glucose, lipids, insulin resistance and inflammatory mediators. Functional predication analysis suggested that the HFHS diet upregulated gut bacteria genes involved in inflammation, and downregulated bacteria involved in metabolism. C3G and SBp partially neutralized HFHS diet-induced alterations of gut bacteria. The results suggest that C3G is a potential prebiotic, mitigating HFHS diet-induced disorders in metabolism, inflammation and gut dysbiosis, and that C3G contributes to the metabolic beneficial effects of SBp.

Dose-Responses Relationship in Glucose Lowering and Gut Dysbiosis to Saskatoon Berry Powder Supplementation in High Fat-High Sucrose Diet-Induced Insulin Resistant Mice

“…SBp supplementation in HFHS diet in the present and previous studies did not significantly alter body weight in mice [ 13 , 19 , 20 ]. Our recent experiments assessed the sizes of adipocytes in epidermal tissue in mice.…”

“…Differences between data from multiple groups were examined using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey test. Significant difference was preset at p < 0.05 as previously described [ 19 ].…”

Brown Adipose Tissue: New Challenges for Prevention of Childhood Obesity. A Narrative Review

“…Moreover, the class of anthocyanins, specifically the supplementation with Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), have proven to ameliorate obesity profile by up-regulating BAT mitochondrial function and beige formation in subcutaneous WAT of mice [ 142 ]. A recent study demonstrated that C3G is a potential prebiotic which mitigates high-fat–high-sucrose-diet-induced disorders and gut dysbiosis in mice, by increasing relative abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum and expanding Muribaculaceae family bacteria [ 143 ].…”

Targeting Inflammation by Anthocyanins as the Novel Therapeutic Potential for Chronic Diseases: An Update

“…Pure anthocyanin extract (100 μM) enhances insulin secretion and hepatic glucose uptake through activation of the free fatty acid receptor-1 (FFAR1) and glucokinase (GK), respectively, and potentially ameliorate T2DM comorbidities [ 68 ]. Recently, it was reported that the anthocyanin cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) regulated carbohydrate metabolism, inflammatory markers, and gut microbiota in a high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS)-diet-induced insulin-resistant animal model [ 69 ]. The supplementation of C3G (7.2 mg/kg/day in a diet) attenuated hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin resistance, while the concentrations of pro-inflammatory markers such as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) were also reduced.…”

“…The supplementation of C3G (7.2 mg/kg/day in a diet) attenuated hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin resistance, while the concentrations of pro-inflammatory markers such as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) were also reduced. Furthermore, C3G increased the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes phylum bacteria ratio and the abundance of gut Muribaculaceae family bacteria by the reduction of the abundance of gut microbial genes involved in inflammation and enhanced gut microbial genes involved in the metabolic processes in mice receiving the HFHS diet [ 69 ].…”