Impact of cultivation methods and fertilization by EM (Effective microorganisms) and /or compost on Productivity and water use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract

for two following seasons of 2021/ 2022 and 2022/ 2023, to examine effective of fertilization (100% NPK or control, 80 % NPK & EM (Effective microorganisms) applied at (12.35L ha -1 ), 80 % NPK & compost 12.35 ton ha -1 and 80 % NPK & Mixture of EM and compost) on wheat that grown in clay soil via using three cultivation methods, i.e. broad casting, ridges, raised beds. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design by three replicates. Water productivity as well as water use efficiency were extremely improved under raised bed method compared with the values with the other two methods through two seasons. Likewise, the highest values of plant height (cm). grain yield (ton ha -1 ), straw (ton ha -1 ), 1000 grain and protein% in the two consecutive seasons, were gained when planting wheat on raised bed at combined 80% NPK+ mix (EM and compost). Nutrition contents in wheat grain and total uptake kg ha 1 were increased with the same treatment.