Impact of Cultivar, Harvest Date and Threshing Parameter Settings on Floret and Carthamidin Yield of Safflower

Abstract

The industrial need for safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) increased over the last decade due to its potential use as food colorant. Safflower is mainly cultivated in Asia for its use as floret. In Germany, an economically attractive cultivation for floret use would require a mechanization of harvest. In order to develop a mechanical harvesting system, field experiments were conducted at the experimental station Ihinger Hof of the University Hohenheim in 2017 and 2018. Safflower was harvested with a combine harvester to obtain the florets. Two safflower (i) cultivars were harvested with (ii) three threshing parameter settings on (iii) five harvest dates to evaluate threshed floret yield, dry matter and carthamidin content, and carthamidin yield. Results showed that the maximum threshed floret yield was achieved at the latest harvest date (784.78–1141.76 kg ha−1), while the highest carthamidin contents were observed depending on cultivar on the first two harvest dates (0.53–3.14%). The decisive and resulting amount of carthamidin yield reached its maximum with the Chinese cultivar and the threshing parameter setting P3 between the fourth and fifth harvest date in 2018 (19.05–19.36 kg ha−1). Highest dry matter contents were achieved at the last harvest date (62.67–77.77%). Individual capitula weight and carthamidin content decreased with later harvest dates. Further investigations should clarify whether the individual capitula weight and carthamidin content correlate with each other or are independent of the date of harvest. This could be a decisive criterion for the selection of cultivars for harvesting florets with a combine harvester. Reduced costs of machine harvesting compared to hand harvesting will make the cultivation of safflower for the food coloring industry in Germany more attractive in the future.

Assessment of Metabolic Profiles in Florets of Carthamus Species Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

“…Accumulation of metabolites in safflower florets is highly influenced by various factors, including harvest time and/or flower development [27,83,84], color [28][29][30], genotype/cultivar [23,84,85], and drought stress [86]. Safflowers with different colors exhibit a wide variety in the quality and quantity of their chemical constituents.…”

Tillage System and Seeding Rate Impact on Yield, Oil Accumulation and Photosynthetic Potential of Different Cultivars of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Southern Russia

“…Currently, the total area dedicated to safflower production all over the world is approximately more than 816,000 ha −1 , which constitutes less than 0.3% of the total area sowed to oilseed crops worldwide [1]. Recently, safflower has become a significant oilseed crop with a favorable oil content and fatty acid composition in arid and semiarid regions of the globe [4,5].…”

Aspir Genotiplerinde Çiçek Verimi ile Bazı Morfolojik Özellikler Arasındaki İlişkilerin Belirlenmesi

“…Uluslararası düzeyde, aspirin çiçeği için yetiştiriciliği şu anda sınırlıdır ve hala esas olarak Asya'da yapılmaktadır [2,9]. Ancak bu, özellikle Avrupa ve diğer Batı ülkelerinde gıda boyası endüstrisinin artan talebini karşılamak için artık yeterli olmayacaktır [10].…”

“…Bu amaçla biçerdöverde çeşitli uyarlamalar yapılarak harmanlama verimliliğine uygun hale getirilmiştir [19]. Biçerdöver ile çiçeklerin hasat edilmesinin el hasadına kıyasla maliyeti düşüreceği böylece, gelecekte Almanya'daki gıda boyası endüstrisi için aspir yetiştiriciliğinin daha çekici hale geleceği bildirilmiştir [9]. Güneybatı Almanya'da boya endüstrisinde kullanılmak amacıyla aspir çiçeği elde etmek için çalışmalar yapılmış, bu çalışmalar çiçek veriminin, renklendirici içeriği ve renklendirici veriminin diğer uluslararası çalışmalarla rekabet edebileceğini göstermiştir.…”

“…Çiçekler hasattan bir gün önce 17 Ağustos tarihinde elle toplanmış olup, 72 saat süre ile 80 °C' de kurutularak tartılmıştır. Elle ve makineli hasatta elde edilen çiçeklerin farkını ortaya koymak için; bu çalışmada elle toplanan çiçekler (Şekil 1) ve Steberl ve ark [9]. tarafından makine ile hasat edilip sonra harmanlanan çiçeklere ait resimler ise Şekil 2 de verilmiştir.…”