Impact of COVID-19 preventive measures on other infectious and non-infectious respiratory diseases in Pakistan

Rana, Muhammad Suleman; Usman, Muhammad; Alam, Muhammad Masroor; Ikram, Aamer; Salman, Muhammad; Zaidi, Syed Sohail Zahoor; Umair, Massab; Qadir, Mehmood

doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.018

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…Besides influenza, studies show a meaningful reduction in the activity and reported cases of other respiratory germs such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, pneumonia, rhinovirus, enterovirus, adenovirus, and several other respiratory infectious diseases mentioned in Table 1 [ 5 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 25 , 26 , 29 ]; however, many of them are scarcely investigated. For example, measles cases in Taiwan were reported to be zero after the pandemic, possibly owing to the implemented precautions during the pandemic [ 12 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mycoplasma pneumonia. Bordetella pertussis 20 Rana [ 26 ] Letter to the editor Pakistan Data based on the surveillance records available at NIH Islamabad. Data for non-infectious respiratory diseases obtained from the chest care clinic Islamabad, 2019–2020 * * * * RSV, measles, rubella, pertussis, diphtheria, EBV, H. influenza, VZV 21 Sakamoto [ 8 ] Research Japan Data obtained from the National Institute of Infectious Diseases Japan from 5000 sentinel centers between 2014 and Mar 15th, 2020 * 22 Singh [ 27 ] Brief report USA (Wisconsin) Data from 2015–2020 retrieved from academic health system laboratory in southeastern Wisconsin * 23 Soo [ 28 ] Cross-sectional Singapore Routine sentinel surveillance data on ILI from a national network of primary care clinics and the National Public Health Laboratory, comparison of influenza activity between epidemiologic weeks 1–4 and weeks 5–9 of 2020 Vs. 2016–2019 * 24 Tan [ 29 ] Letter to the editor Singapore Laboratory confirmed (16-target PCR on oropharyngeal specimen) community-onset respiratory viruses that were admitted to Singapor...…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of COVID-19 prevention procedures on other common infections: a systematic review

et al. 2021

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Introduction Since the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) began, necessary measures to prevent virus transmission and reduce mortality have been implemented, including mandatory public use of masks, regular hand-sanitizing and hand-washing, social distancing, avoidance of crowds, remote work, and cancellation of public events. During and after the introduction of COVID-19 lockout, we performed a systematic review of available published literature to investigate the incidence of seasonal influenza and other respiratory viral infections. Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and the World Health Organization databases and websites were systematically searched for original studies concerning the impact of COVID-19 prevention means and measures on other common respiratory infectious diseases during the pandemic published by March 2021. Results The findings showed that the adherence to health protocols to prevent COVID-19 could help to reduce the incidence of other infectious diseases such as influenza, pneumonia, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Conclusion The implemented prevention measures and protocols might have reduced the incidence of influenza and some other common respiratory infections. However, controversies exist on this matter and future large population-based studies might provide further information to address these controversies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of COVID-19 prevention procedures on other common infections: a systematic review

et al. 2021

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“…However, studies have shown that several infectious diseases, such as influenza and tuberculosis, were collaterally reduced during the COVID-19 pandemic. For instance, the overall number of twelve notifiable infectious diseases and five non-infectious respiratory diseases in Pakistan declined by 52 •3% in 2020 [6] . A similar reduction was found for seasonal influenza in Japan [7] and tuberculosis in Jiangsu, China [8] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-benefits of nonpharmaceutical intervention against COVID-19 on infectious diseases in China: A large population-based observational study

Xiao

Dai

et al. 2021

The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific

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Background : Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are public health measures that aim to suppress the transmission of infectious diseases, including border restrictions, quarantine and isolation, community management, social distancing, face mask usage, and personal hygiene. This research aimed to assess the co-benefits of NPIs against COVID-19 on notifiable infectious diseases (NIDs) in Guangdong Province, China.Methods: Based on NID data from the Notifiable Infectious Diseases Surveillance System in Guangdong, we first compared the incidence of NIDs during the emergency response period (weeks 4-53 of 2020) with those in the same period of 2015-2019 and then compared that with the expected incidence during the synchronous period of 2020 for each city by using a Bayesian structural time series model. Findings: A total of 514,341 cases of 39 types of NIDs were reported in Guangdong during the emergency response period in 2020, which decreased by 50 •7% compared with the synchronous period during 2015-2019. It was estimated that the number of 39 NIDs during the emergency response in 2020 was 65 •6% (95% credible interval [CI]: 64 •0% -68 •2%) lower than expected, which means that 982,356 (95% CI: 913,443 -1,105,170) cases were averted. The largest reduction (82 •1%) was found for children aged 0-14 years. For different categories of NIDs, natural focal diseases and insect-borne infectious diseases had the greatest reduction (89 •4%), followed by respiratory infectious diseases (87 •4%), intestinal infectious diseases (59 •4%), and blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections (18 •2%). Dengue, influenza, and hand-foot-and-mouth disease were reduced by 99 •3%, 95 •1%, and 76 •2%, respectively. Larger reductions were found in the regions with developed economies and a higher number of COVID-19 cases.Interpretation: NPIs against COVID-19 may have a large co-benefit on the prevention of other infectious diseases in Guangdong, China, and the effects have heterogeneity in populations, diseases, time and space.

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“…To our knowledge, there has not been any work that has demonstrated the positive effect of preventive measures on COVID-19. In contrast, a study in Pakistan showed that the application of protective measures dramatically reduces the risk of other respiratory diseases [130] Recently a Japanese study focused only on wearing a mask as a measure and they found that for a sample of 820 individuals, mask users were infected at a rate of 0.4 times that of those who did not wear masks [131] demonstrating the importance of this measure. Our findings provide novel insights into the role of personal protective measures on the spread of infection and symptom severity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Study of the importance of Behavioral and Native Factors on COVID-19 Infection and Severity

Aouissi

Ababsa

Leveau

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The COVID-19 pandemic has a major impact on a global scale. Understanding the innate and lifestyle-related factors influencing the rate and severity of COVID-19 is important for making evidence-based recommendations. This cross-sectional study aimed at establishing a potential relationship between human characteristics and vulnerability/resistance to SARS-CoV-2. We hypothesize that the impact of virus is not the same due to cultural and ethnic differences. A cross-sectional study was performed using an online questionnaire. The methodology included a development of a multi-language survey, expert evaluation and data analysis. Data was collected using a 13-item pre-tested questionnaire based on a literature review. Data was statistically analyzed using the logistic regression. For a total of 1125 respondents, 332 (29.5%) were COVID-19 positive, among them 130 (11.5%) required home-based treatment, and 14 (1.2%) intensive care. The significant factors included age, physical activity and health status all found to have a significant influence on the infection (p < 0.05). The severity of infection was associated with preventive measures and tobacco (p < 0.05). This suggests the importance of behavioral factors compared to innate ones. Apparently, the individual behavior is mainly responsible for the spread of the virus. Adopting a healthy lifestyle and scrupulously observing preventive measures including vaccination would greatly limit the probability of infection and prevent the development of severe COVID-19.

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Impact of COVID-19 preventive measures on other infectious and non-infectious respiratory diseases in Pakistan

Cited by 21 publications

References 9 publications

Effects of COVID-19 prevention procedures on other common infections: a systematic review

Effects of COVID-19 prevention procedures on other common infections: a systematic review

Co-benefits of nonpharmaceutical intervention against COVID-19 on infectious diseases in China: A large population-based observational study

Beyond vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Study of the importance of Behavioral and Native Factors on COVID-19 Infection and Severity

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