Impact of COVID-19 on the social and psychological state of athletes

Melnyk, Yuriy; Стаднік, А. В.; Pypenko, Iryna Sergiivna; Kostina, Valentyna; Yevtushenko, D. O.

doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12401-6

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The same results were obtained from the first countries affected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as China and South Korea [9,10]. The state of stress resulting from the pandemic and restrictive measures has long-term health effects, with an increased risk of physical and mental illness affecting sportsmen and sportswomen as well [11][12][13][14][15]. Even in the absence of pandemic situations, chronic stress is a major public health concern [16].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Effects and Causes of Detraining in Athletes Due to COVID-19: A Review

Córdova

Caballero-García

Roche

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Several aspects of systemic alterations caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the resultant COVID-19 disease have been currently explored in the general population. However, very little is known about these particular aspects in sportsmen and sportswomen. We believe that the most important element to take into account is the neuromuscular aspect, due to the implications that this system entails in motion execution and coordination. In this context, deficient neuromuscular control when performing dynamic actions can be an important risk factor for injury. Therefore, data in this review refer mainly to problems derived in the short term from athletes who have suffered this pathology, taking into account that COVID-19 is a very new disease and the presented data are still not conclusive. The review addresses two key aspects: performance alteration and the return to regular professional physical activity. COVID-19 causes metabolic-respiratory, muscular, cardiac, and neurological alterations that are accompanied by a situation of stress. All of these have a clear influence on performance but at the same time in the strategy of returning to optimal conditions to train and compete again after infection. From the clinical evidence, the resumption of physical training and sports activity should be carried out progressively, both in terms of time and intensity.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Effects and Causes of Detraining in Athletes Due to COVID-19: A Review

Córdova

Caballero-García

Roche

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…The remaining 3 studies 7,34,46 reported adverse mental health outcomes associated with both individual and team sport athletes. Costa et al 7 found that nonelite team sport athletes had a stronger social identity but greater negative affectivity compared with individual sport athletes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As expected, the majority of included studies were cross–sectional and limited in methodological quality, due in large part to the time sensitivity and resource constraints of the COVID-19 pandemic. Only 4 studies recruited participants via random sampling 19,34,39,40 ; the remaining 31 studies utilized convenience sampling (23), c snowball sampling (5), 7,12,16,35,46 or purposive sampling (2) 14,51 or did not specify their sampling method (1). 49 These nonprobability sampling strategies are vulnerable to selection bias, in which the study participants do not generalize to the athlete population of interest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ha ˚kansson et al 24 found that 66% of athletes expressed worry about the future of their sport and 51% about their future playing sports. Depression was reported Davila-Torres et al 9 U a Denerel et al 11 U a U dI Cagno et al 12 U a U U U Facer-Childs et al 14 U a Fiorilli et al 16 U a U U U U Garver et al 17 U a U Gouttebarge et al 19 U U U Graupensperger et al 20 U Hagiwara et al 23 U a U Ha ˚kansson et al 24 U a U U Jagim et al 26 U a Knowles et al 27 U a U Leguizamo et al 29 U Martı ´nez-Gonza ´lez et al 30 U McGuine et al 31 U a U U U Mehrsafar et al 33 U a Melnyk et al 34 U a U U Mon-Lo ´pez et al 35 U a U Ozen et al 38 U a Parm et al 39 U a U Pensgaard et al 40 U a U U U Pillay et al 42 U a U Pons et al 43 U a U U Roberts and Lane 45 U Rubio et al 46 U a U U Ruffault et al 47 U a U U U S xenıs xık et al 48 U a Simons et al 49 U Soares et al 50 U a Vaughan et al 51 U in 19% of women and 3% of men, and anxiety in 20% of women and 5% of men. Likewise, two-thirds of athletes in the Parm et al 39 study exhibited distress, with 39.7% of women and 25% of men experiencing depressive symptoms, and 27.6% of women and 13.6% of men demonstrating anxiety.…”

Section: Effect Of Covid-19 Lockdownmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… ‡‡ References 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30, 31, 33-35, 38-40, 42, 43, 45-51. …”

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confidence: 99%

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The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental and Emotional Health of Athletes: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused the cancellation or postponement of virtually every sporting event, resulting in training disruptions, income loss, and career uncertainties for athletes around the world. At present, the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental and emotional health of athletes is not well understood. Purpose: To investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental and emotional health of athletes and to identify risk factors associated with poor mental health outcomes. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched to identify all articles reporting on athletes’ mental and emotional health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Articles were selected based on relevant inclusion and exclusion criteria. Study characteristics, athlete demographics, and COVID-19 mental health data (sex-, type of sport—, and level of play—specific differences) were collected from each included article and analyzed. Results: A total of 35 studies were included in the final analysis, comprising athletes around the world and across numerous sports and levels of play. Most studies utilized at least 1 validated mental health questionnaire and assessed for outcomes such as depression, anxiety, stress, motivation, and athletic identity. Overall, athletes reported worse mental and emotional health during the COVID-19 pandemic, although these effects were attenuated by home training programs and quarantine training camps. Female sex and more elite levels of play were associated with an increased risk for poor mental health outcomes. Type of sport was associated with mixed results, with individual and team sports carrying different increased risks for poor mental and emotional health. Nearly all studies recommended the need for increased psychological support of athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental and emotional health of athletes is complex and multifaceted. Increased social interactions with coaches and teammates, continued access to training facilities and mental health professionals, and active utilization of healthy coping mechanisms can improve mental health outcomes for athletes in the era of COVID-19.

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Development and validation of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale for Japanese elite athletes

Suzuki,

Yamaguchi,

Tachiya

et al. 2024

Sports Psychiatry

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Introduction: Japanese elite athletes were affected by the spread of COVID-19 infection. Four years after the pandemic, COVID-19 is still spreading and subsiding, and it is expected that some athletes are still concerned about COVID-19. Therefore, we developed the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale for Elite Athletes (CAS-EA) to measure COVID-19 anxiety among Japanese elite athletes and to examine its reliability and validity. Method: This is an observational cross-sectional study. In study 1, a 35-item anxiety questionnaire about COVID-19 was administered to 100 elite athletes on 8/18-9/1/2020. In study 2, 296 elite athletes were asked to respond to the CAS-EA, the Japanese version of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Japanese version of the Fear of Coronavirus Virus Scale (FCV-19S) from 8/31-11/8/2022. Results: In study 1, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted to create CAS-EA, which consisted of 19 items with four factors: Restrictions, Sport, Practice and Athlete value. The reliability of the scales was examined, confirming a certain internal consistency. In addition, study 2 showed significant positive correlations with CAS-EA and related scales. In the COVID-19 disaster, psychological stress was more strongly associated with A-trait than physical stress, a result that could be explained by Spielberger’s Trait-state anxiety theory. Furthermore, CAS-EA scores were significantly higher for female than for male, which was consistent with the results of previous studies. Conclusion: An attempt was made to create a scale to measure anxiety about COVID-19 in Japanese elite athletes, and a 4-factor, 19-item CAS-EA was created. The reliability and validity of the scale were tested and confirmed successfully.

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Impact of COVID-19 on the social and psychological state of athletes

Cited by 6 publications

References 5 publications

Effects and Causes of Detraining in Athletes Due to COVID-19: A Review

Effects and Causes of Detraining in Athletes Due to COVID-19: A Review

The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental and Emotional Health of Athletes: A Systematic Review

Development and validation of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale for Japanese elite athletes

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