Impact of COVID-19 on psychological wellbeing

Abstract

Background/Objective This cross-sectional study aims to record post-traumatic stress (PTS) and post-traumatic growth (PTG) of the general population of China during the first wave of COVID-19 spread. Method : An online survey was distributed in China during February and March 2020 to record the general population's PTS (using the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version, PCL-C) and PTG (using the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory, PTGI) due to COVID-19. Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFAs) and a Two-Part Model (TPM) of regression analysis were conducted. Results : In total, 29,118 Chinese participants completed the survey (54.20% were in their 20s, 68% were males, and 60.30% had a university education). CFA results illustrated that bifactor models described the Chinese psychometric traits of PTS and PTG over the default models. Results of TPM suggested that female, low-educated, and middle-aged individuals were more vulnerable to PTS. Remarkably, mutual and positive correlations between the PTS and the PTG, though small in statistics, were observed through regression analyses. Conclusions : The current results presented new best-fit structural models, potential predictors, and valuable baseline information on the PTS and the PTG of the Chinese population in the context of COVID-19.

Effects of COVID -19 on women’s mental health: A systematic review

“…Zhao et al (6) raise in their article the record of posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth of the general population in China during the first wave of COVID-19 through an online survey, applied to 29 118 people finding that posttraumatic stress disorder was higher in women because of COVID-19.…”

“…This population is the most susceptible to experience mental distress as a consequence of their economic situation, having as incident factors the decrease in income, change of social status, unemployment, and those who express higher levels of mental distress as a consequence of their economic situation, having as incident factors the decrease of income, change of social status, unemployment, and those who express higher levels of mental distress (4,5). And those who express higher levels of stress, "higher levels of worry about the virus", a higher rate of anxiety about the virus (5), and a higher rate of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (6).…”

Post-traumatic growth in people experiencing high post-traumatic stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: The protective role of psychological flexibility

“…The fear of contagion and the risk of death for oneself and loved ones highlight the uncertainties and uncontrollability of life, our mortality, and the omnipresence of disease, which constitute existential threats ( Bakioğlu, Korkmaz, & Ercan, 2020 ; Courtney, Goldenberg, & Boyd, 2020 ). These fears coupled with unprecedented large-scale ‘lockdowns’ and quarantining with associated social isolation and economic hardships ( Hertz-Palmor et al, 2021 ; Wu, Yao, Deng, Marsiglia, & Duan, 2021 ), as well as a continuous deluge of negative media coverage of images of overrun hospitals, mass graves, and COVID-19 patients dying alone ( Garfin, Silver, & Holman, 2020 ) have contributed to increases in psychological distress and reduced well-being, and for some, the experience of trauma ( Pakenham et al, 2020 ; Xiong et al, 2020 ; Zhao et al, 2021 ).…”

Mental Health in Settings with COVID-19 Positive Cases in the Spanish Population: The Protective Role of the Capacity to Adapt to Change

“…The COVID-19 pandemic has affected individual physical health due to its severe symptoms [ 5 , 6 ]. However, it has also affected the mental dimension of health, since the disease itself, actions for its control, and access to information have modified usual individual and social behavior [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. These changes in how one relates to the setting may cause individuals to become vulnerable [ 11 ], contributing to the appearance of psychological symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, fury, frustration, feelings of loneliness, fear, and intolerance to uncertainty [ 9 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”