Impact of COVID-19 infection on the cardiovascular system: An evidence-based analysis of risk factors and outcomes

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19 emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China and the World Health Organization declared the virus a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Disease progression from COVID-19 infection has increasingly shown significant symptom manifestations within organ systems beyond the respiratory system. In this regard, literature has shown increasing numbers of cardiovascular involvement during disease course and an associated increase in mortality among infected patients. Complications involving the cardiovascular system include myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, shock, and heart failure. In this evidence-based review, we discuss risk factors of cardiovascular involvement in COVID-19 infection, pathophysiology of COVID-19-related cardiovascular infection and injury, COVID-19 effects on the cardiovascular system and corresponding treatments, and hematologic effects of COVID-19 and COVID-19 in heart transplant patients. Clinicians managing COVID-19 patients should appreciate the potential cardiovascular effects related to the disease process.

Alterações Cardiovasculares E a Covid-19: Complicações E Desfechos

“…Uma explicação plausível seria de que o histórico prévio pode aumentar o potencial de gravidade e letalidade da Covid-19 e outra seria de que o curso da doença eleve ou potencialize as complicações cardíacas já existentes. Kaye et al, (2021) em seu estudo verificaram que o mecanismo proposto pelo qual o vírus SARS-CoV-2 contribui para as manifestações cardiovasculares envolvendo a proteína transmembrana ACE2. Essa proteína é presente em vasos sanguíneos e uma infecção como no caso da Covid-19 pode causar disfunção microvascular.…”

The role of sheep’s milk bioactive substances in the prevention of metabolic and viral diseases

“…The most common comorbidities in COVID-19 patients, include hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Djaharuddin et al, 2021). COVID-19 has been shown to be associated with high inflammation in the body, which has a negative impact on the cardiovascular system (Kaye et al, 2021). Therefore, people with cardiovascular diseases may be more exposed to hospitalisation and the disease may be significantly more severe.…”

“…The crucial component of ruminant milk is orotic acid, which is of key importance in preventing cardiovascular diseases through its "anti-atherosclerotic" effect (Czauderna et al, 2021). High inflammation in the body caused by COVID-19 disease negatively affects the cardiovascular system (Kaye et al, 2021). Milk fat is rich in PL, such as sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine (Moatsou and Sakkas, 2019;Lordan et al, 2020;Millar et al, 2020).…”