Impact of covert infections with an RNA virus on the susceptibility of Spodoptera exigua to natural enemies

Abstract

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs are alternatives to classical pest control through the application of chemical insecticides. IPM goal is to maintain pest populations below economically injurious levels minimizing the use of chemical insecticides. In recent years, research on insect viromes has led to the discovery of many novel viral pathogens in insect pests, some of them producing covert infections that do not cause evident symptoms. However, the impact that these viruses have on the action of natural enemies employed in IPM programs is still unknown. Spodoptera exigua iflavirus 1 (SeIV1) is an RNA virus commonly found in field populations of Spodoptera exigua. In this work, we have analysed the possible impact of those viral infections on the activity of different natural enemies used for the control of this pest. Specifically, we have studied the effects of SeIV1 on susceptibility to entomopathogenic nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and parasitoids. Infections with SeIV1 showed to be compatible with the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae as the infection did not affect the susceptibility or production of new juveniles. Moreover, they are also compatible with the fungus Metarhizium brunneum as the mortality of S. exigua larvae was not affected by the viral infection. Interestingly, infections with SeIV1 increase the susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis formulation and increase the mortality caused by the parasitism of Hyposoter didymator. In summary, our results show that the four natural enemies tested are not negatively affected by SeIV1 and their action remains similar or enhanced by the covert infections with this iflavirus.

Insights into the RNA virome of the corn leafhopperDalbulus maidis, a major emergent threat of Maize in Latin America

“…Iflavirus infections are usually asymptomatic; however, some ifllaviruses have been reported to be harmful to the host insects leading to morphological deformities, behavioral change, and death [48][49][50]. Moreover, recently the the armyworm Spodoptera exigua iflavirus 1 (SeIV1) was shown to enhance the susceptibility of the armyworm to the disease caused by Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) [51], as well as its susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis-based insecticide formulations and the parasitism by the wasp Hyposoter didymator [52]. Moreover, iflaviruses have been proposed for VIGS to regulate the expression of insect metabolic genes [53].…”