Impact of Cotrimoxazole on Carriage and Antibiotic Resistance of
            <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>
            and
            <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>
            in HIV-Infected Children in Zambia

Mwenya, Darlington; Charalambous, Bambos M.; Phillips, Patrick P. J.; Mwansa, James; Batt, Sarah L.; Nunn, Andrew; Walker, Sarah; Gibb, Diana M; Gillespie, Stephen H.

doi:10.1128/aac.01409-09

Cited by 42 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…aureus (60.4% in children between 10 and 15 years) was similar to those reported from industrialized countries [18]. Colonization with H. influenzae was lower compared with reports from Kenya and South Africa (12% versus 20-30%) [19,20]. Recently, a sequence-based study revealed that 27.3% of nasopharyngeal H. influenzae isolates, identified by biochemical standard methods, were in fact H. haemolyticus [13].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Carriage of encapsulated bacteria in Gabonese children with sickle cell anaemia

Schaumburg

Biallas

Feugap

et al. 2013

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is a haemoglobin disorder that alters the deformability of erythrocytes through abnormal polymerization of haemoglobin. Children with SCA have an increased risk of infections with encapsulated bacteria. To guide the antibiotic prophylaxis and vaccinations in children with SCA in Gabon, we characterized Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae from children with and without SCA. We performed a cross-sectional study and compared nasal and pharyngeal S. pneumoniae, Staph. aureus and H. influenzae isolates from SCA children (n = 73) with comparators matched for age, residence and sex (n = 143) in a matched-comparison analysis. The resistance pattern and capsular type were identified for each isolate. The total carriage rate for S. pneumoniae, Staph. aureus and H. influenzae was 13.8%, 46.7% and 12.5%, respectively, and did not differ between groups (p >0.05). The mean number of days under antibiotic treatment in the past year was higher in children with SCA than in controls (penicillin: 70.1 vs 0.1 days, p 0.00002). The total non-susceptibility rate was 30% for oral and parenteral (meningitis) penicillin in S. pneumoniae, resistance rates were 1.6% for oxacillin in Staph. aureus and 14.8% for ampicillin in H. influenzae. Susceptibility to antibiotic agents and distribution of capsular types did not differ significantly between both groups. In conclusion, carriage and resistance rates are similar in children with and without SCA. Our data provide the basis to guide empiric therapy of invasive diseases caused by S. pneumoniae, Staph. aureus and H. influenza in children in Gabon.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Carriage of encapsulated bacteria in Gabonese children with sickle cell anaemia

Schaumburg

Biallas

Feugap

et al. 2013

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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“…Another study in a post-Hib vaccination setting reported that H. influenzae carriage rates were lower in children aged ≥10 years and adults (1.1%–3.9%) than in children <10 years (21.0%–29.0%) [55]. The prevalence of H. influenzae carriage in HIV-infected children was reported for India (24%) [70] and Zambia (29%) [71], two lower-middle income countries. The prevalence of H. influenzae carriage in ill children from three lower-middle income countries ranged between 15.2% and 53.5% [36], [61], [62].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Other Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens in Low and Lower-Middle Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2014

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BackgroundInfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in low income countries where pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are still underused. In countries where PCVs have been introduced, much of their efficacy has resulted from their impact on nasopharyngeal carriage in vaccinated children. Understanding the epidemiology of carriage for S. pneumoniae and other common respiratory bacteria in developing countries is crucial for implementing appropriate vaccination strategies and evaluating their impact.Methods and FindingsWe have systematically reviewed published studies reporting nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Neisseria meningitidis in children and adults in low and lower-middle income countries. Studies reporting pneumococcal carriage for healthy children <5 years of age were selected for a meta-analysis. The prevalences of carriage for S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis were generally higher in low income than in lower-middle income countries and were higher in young children than in adults. The prevalence of S. aureus was high in neonates. Meta-analysis of data from young children before the introduction of PCVs showed a pooled prevalence estimate of 64.8% (95% confidence interval, 49.8%–76.1%) in low income countries and 47.8% (95% confidence interval, 44.7%–50.8%) in lower-middle income countries. The most frequent serotypes were 6A, 6B, 19A, 19F, and 23F.ConclusionsIn low and lower-middle income countries, pneumococcal carriage is frequent, especially in children, and the spectrum of serotypes is wide. However, because data are limited, additional studies are needed to adequately assess the impact of PCV introduction on carriage of respiratory bacteria in these countries.

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“…Given that the supply of these drugs is known to be erratic, this raises the possibility of increased background rates of resistance in M. tuberculosis (6,9,13). This should be considered carefully when evaluating the prospect of TMP-SMX for treatment of tuberculosis (8,14,17).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%