Impact of citalopram combined with mindfulness-based stress reduction on symptoms, cognitive functions and self-confidence in patients with depression

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the impact of the combination of citalopram and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on the symptoms, cognitive functions and self-confidence of patients with depression.Methods: A total of 98 patients with depression were selected as study subjects and divided into combination therapy group (CT, n = 51) and conventional group (C, n = 47. The conventional group was treated with citalopram, while the combined group was treated with a combination of citalopram and MBSR. Depressive symptoms and self-confidence were evaluated using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) and General Self-efficacy Scale (GSES). Cognitive functions were assessed by Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and Trail Making Test (TMT). Changes in depressive symptoms, cognitive functions, self-confidence and clinical efficacies between the two groups were compared.Results: At weeks 1, 4 and 8 after treatment, CT group had lower HAMD-17 scores but higher GSES scores when compared with the conventional group (p < 0.05). In addition, CT group was superior to the conventional group in efficacy and overall response rate (100.00 vs. 85.11 %, p < 0.05). Also, CT group showed a shorter time of perseverative and non-perseverative errors on WCST and a shorter time for TMT-A and TMT-B, compared with the conventional group (p < 0.05).Conclusion: The combination therapy of citalopram and MBSR is effective in ameliorating depressive symptoms, and enhancing cognitive functions and self-confidence in patients with depression. These findings will increase the understanding of this combination therapy, and provide a clinical reference for the treatment of depression.

Metabolite profiling and antioxidant capacity of natural Ophiocordyceps gracilis and its cultures using LC‐MS/MS‐based metabolomics: Comparison with Ophiocordyceps sinensis

“…For example, N ‐acetyl‐ D ‐glucosamine is used to enhance the function of the human immune system and treat malignant tumors, inflammation, and joint pain 39 . D ‐Psicose is used to treat high blood sugar, 40 citalopram is capable of curing depression, 20 and alprenolol is used against hypertension and arrhythmia 41 . Therefore, it is important to analyze these metabolites to evaluate the nutritional and medicinal value of cultured O. gracilis fruiting bodies and aerial mycelia, as well as their potential as substitutes for natural O. gracilis .…”

“…Untargeted metabolomics simultaneously detects as many metabolites as possible to provide a comprehensive chemical overview of a sample, which is employed to analyze bioactive components of fungi. In particular, ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) is commonly used for unbiased investigations of global metabolite profiles, due to its sensitivity and large dynamic range 19–21 . Studies have shown that untargeted metabolomics by LC‐MS/MS is suitable for analyzing Cordyceps metabolomic profiles among species, under both natural and cultivation conditions 22,23 .…”

“…In particular, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is commonly used for unbiased investigations of global metabolite profiles, due to its sensitivity and large dynamic range. [19][20][21] Studies have shown that untargeted metabolomics by LC-MS/MS is suitable for analyzing Cordyceps metabolomic profiles among species, under both natural and cultivation conditions. 22,23 Therefore, untargeted metabolomic LC-MS/MS analysis of natural O. gracilis and its cultures followed by comparative analysis with O. sinensis is suitable.…”