Impact of circulating concentrations of progesterone and antral age of the ovulatory follicle on fertility of high-producing lactating dairy cows

Pursley, J.R.; Martins, J.P.N.

doi:10.1071/rd11917

Cited by 55 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Even more dramatic was the association between circulating P4 at the time of PGF 2a and subsequent fertility. High P4 at the time of PGF 2a would indicate better synchronization and a better hormonal environment for growth of the ovulatory follicle [5,26,27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of increasing GnRH and PGF2α dose during Double-Ovsynch on ovulatory response, luteal regression, and fertility of lactating dairy cows

Giordano¹,

Wiltbank²,

Fricke³

et al. 2013

Theriogenology

101

108

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of increasing GnRH and PGF2α dose during Double-Ovsynch on ovulatory response, luteal regression, and fertility of lactating dairy cows

Giordano¹,

Wiltbank²,

Fricke³

et al. 2013

Theriogenology

101

108

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“…Low progesterone during the first week after AI is believed to occur more frequently in lactating cows because of abnormal luteal function or greater steroid metabolism assoicated with lactation. Several authors have recently reviewed mechanisms assoicated with subnormal luteal development and early embryonic loss (Pursley and Martins, 2011;Wiltbank et al, 2011;Bridges et al, 2013).…”

Section: Itemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocrine and metabolic mechanisms linking postpartum glucose with early embryonic and foetal development in dairy cows

Lucy

Butler

Garverick

2014

Animal

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Milk and milk solids production per cow is increasing annually in dairy systems. Peak milk production is in early lactation when the uterus and ovary are recovering from the previous pregnancy. The competing processes of milk production and restoration of reproductive function can be at odds, particularly if unique homeorhetic mechanisms that typify early lactation become imbalanced and cows experience metabolic disease. Homeorhesis leads to an increase in the synthesis of glucose that is irreversibly lost to milk lactose. Irreversible loss of glucose during lactation can invoke an endocrine and metabolic state that impinges upon postpartum uterine health, oestrous cyclicity and subsequent establishment of pregnancy. The first 30 days postpartum may be most critical in terms of the impact that metabolites and metabolic hormones have on reproduction. Depressed immune function caused in part by the postpartum metabolic profile leads to a failure in uterine involution and uterine disease. Oestrous cyclicity (interval to first ovulation and subsequent periodicity) is affected by the same hormones and metabolites that control postpartum immune function. Slower growth of the embryo or foetus perhaps explained by the unique metabolic profile during lactation may predispose cows to pregnancy loss. Understanding homeorhetic mechanisms that involve glucose and collectively affect postpartum uterine health, oestrous cyclicity and the establishment of pregnancy should lead to methods to improve postpartum fertility in dairy cows.Keywords: glucose, IGF1, insulin, pregnancy, dairy cow ImplicationsCompeting processes of milk production and reproduction can be at odds in dairy cows, particularly if the unique metabolic processes that typify early lactation become imbalanced. A potential end result is that cows do not become pregnant during the breeding period. The need to replace infertile cows adds to the cost of production. Understanding basic mechanisms that link the first 60 days of lactation with the subsequent success or failure of establishing pregnancy during the breeding period, therefore, is an important area of research for the dairy industry. IntroductionWithin most dairy production systems, milk or milk solids production per cow is increasing annually. The average United States dairy cow, for example, produces in excess of 9500 kg of milk annually. Peak milk production is in early lactation (within 30 to 60 days after calving) when the uterus is involuting and the ovary is restoring the cyclic processes that lead to oestrus, ovulation, and the formation of a corpus luteum. Competing processes of milk production, uterine involution, and the restoration of ovarian activity can be at odds, particularly if the unique homeorhetic processes that typify early lactation become imbalanced and there is metabolic disease. A potential end result of the competition between high milk production and the reproductive system is that cows do not become pregnant during the breeding period which is typically initiated at~60 days after...

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“…Cows with both a day 7 and 13 corpora lutea at time of PGF2α of Ovsynch have approximately 50% greater P4 concentrations compared to cows with only a day 13 corpus luteum (Pursley and Martins, 2011). Fertility programs enhance the percentage of cows that respond to the first GnRH of Ovsynch, and in turn, allows for more cows with accessory CL, greater concentrations of P4 at time of induced luteolysis, and a greater chance for pregnancy.…”

Section: Control Of the Emergence Of The Ovulatory Follicle Is Criticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fertility programs for lactating dairy cows, their physiological basis, and the factors that are critical for their success

Martins¹,

Pursley²

2016

Anim Reprod

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Lactating dairy cows have unique reproductive responses compared to when they were heifers that result in distinctly different reproductive measurements and pregnancy outcomes that can be partially overcome with pharmacological strategies. These parameters include circulating progesterone and estradiol concentrations, ovulatory follicle and corpus luteum diameter, incidence of anovulation and double ovulations, time in estrus, pregnancies per artificial insemination and pregnancy losses. Circulating concentrations of progesterone during diestrus are approximately half that in cows compared with heifers. This marked difference in progesterone is likely the explanation for an increased size in diameter of the ovulatory follicle and incidence of double ovulations in cows compared with heifers. Differences in diameter of the ovulatory follicle may explain why cows have greater corpora lutea diameters compared to heifers. The increase in double ovulations appears to be a key driver in the increase in twinning and pregnancy loss as dairy heifers transition to primi-and multiparous cows. Reduced estradiol concentrations in cows at time of estrus helps to explain the decreased duration of estrus in cows compared with heifers. Concentrations of progesterone during growth of the ovulatory follicle may be a key driver in differences in pregnancies per AI in cows compared with heifers. The difference in circulating progesterone may be related to LH overstimulation of the oocyte/cumulus complex in cows compared to when they were heifers. Pharmacological strategies have been developed in lactating dairy cows to manipulate ovarian development to create a hormonal environment similar to that of heifers. Three primary strategies, Presynch-11, G6G and Double Ovsynch appear to enhance fertility of dairy cows. This review discusses how these three strategies manipulate ovarian development similar to that of heifers and why compelling data indicate these programs should be referred to as "fertility programs."

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Impact of circulating concentrations of progesterone and antral age of the ovulatory follicle on fertility of high-producing lactating dairy cows

Cited by 55 publications

References 31 publications

Effect of increasing GnRH and PGF2α dose during Double-Ovsynch on ovulatory response, luteal regression, and fertility of lactating dairy cows

Effect of increasing GnRH and PGF2α dose during Double-Ovsynch on ovulatory response, luteal regression, and fertility of lactating dairy cows

Endocrine and metabolic mechanisms linking postpartum glucose with early embryonic and foetal development in dairy cows

Fertility programs for lactating dairy cows, their physiological basis, and the factors that are critical for their success

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