Impact of cigarette smoking on latent tuberculosis infection: does age matter?

Feng, Jia; Huang, Shiang Fen; Ting, Wen Ying; Lee, Ming-Che; Chen, Yi Chun; Lin, Yung Yang; Lee, Yu Chin; Su, Wei

doi:10.1183/09031936.00118313

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Feng et al observed the proportions of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) cases in ex-smokers, current smokers and never-smokers as 39.4% (58/147), 42.4% (53/125) and 25% (151/603) respectively. LTBI was significantly lower in the never-smokers ( p < 0.001) while both ex-smoking (OR 1.64) and current smoking (OR 1.88) were independent factors associated with LTBI [29]. In another study, smoking was found to be an independent risk factor for TB using multivariate analysis (OR 3.05, p = 0.000) [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for tuberculous pleural effusion: a case-control study

Tewatia

Kaushik

Kumar

2020

Glob. Health Epidemiol.

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This study assessed the tobacco smoking-associated risk for tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) in India. Ninety-two patients with TPE and 184 controls were randomly selected and assessed regarding their tobacco-smoking status and type, quantity and duration of tobacco used. Odds ratios (ORs) for the association of smoking cigarette, beedi and cigarette or beedi with TPE were 19.22 (p < 0.0001), 2.89 (p = 0.0006) and 4.57 (p < 0.0001) respectively. ORs for developing TPE increased with an increase in beedi/cigarette consumption, duration and pack years of smoking (p < 0.001 each). TPE was significantly associated with confounding risk factors viz., regular alcohol use (OR = 1.89, p = 0.019), history of contact with tuberculosis (TB) patient (OR = 8.07, p < 0.0001), past history of TB (OR = 22.31, p < 0.0001), family history of TB (OR = 9.05, p = 0.0002) and underweight (OR = 3.73, p = 0.0009). Smoking (OR = 3.07, p < 0.001), regular alcohol use (OR = 2.10, p = 0.018), history of contact with TB patient (OR = 4.01, p = 0.040), family history of TB (OR = 10.80, p = 0.001) and underweight (OR = 5.04, p < 0.001) were independently associated with TPE. Thus, both cigarette- and beedi-smoking have a significant association with TPE. The risk for TPE in tobacco smokers is dose- and duration-dependent.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for tuberculous pleural effusion: a case-control study

Tewatia

Kaushik

Kumar

2020

Glob. Health Epidemiol.

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“…Numerous studies have found individuals with latent TB infection (LTBI) are more likely to be smokers or exposed to second-hand smoke (SHS) ( Table 1). [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] The strength of the associations between LTBI and SHS 15,17,18,21 or direct CS 8,9,11,12,14,16,22,23 exposure is summarized in Figure 1a. There also appears to be an association between the degree of cigarette smoking-as measured by duration or intensity of smoking-and LTBI (Fig.…”

Section: Tb Infection With Cs Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individuals with positive IGRA are significantly more likely to be former or current smokers. 23 † Direct smokers are also exposed to their own SHS and most likely SHS from others. CS, cigarette smoke; dose, degree of cigarette smoke exposure examined; IGRA, γ-interferon release assay; LTBI, latent tuberculosis infection; SHS, second-hand smoke; TB, tuberculosis; TST, tuberculin skin test.…”

Section: Directmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiologic link between tuberculosis and cigarette/biomass smoke exposure: Limitations despite the vast literature

et al. 2015

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The geographic overlap between the prevalence of cigarette smoke (CS) exposure and tuberculosis (TB) in the world is striking. In recent years, relatively large number of studies has linked cigarette or biomass fuel smoke exposure and various aspects of TB. Our goals are to summarize the significance of the known published studies, graphically represent reports that quantified the association and discuss their potential limitations. PubMed searches were performed using the key words 'tuberculosis' with 'cigarette', 'tobacco', 'smoke' or 'biomass fuel smoke.' The references of relevant articles were examined for additional pertinent papers. A large number of mostly case-control and cross-sectional studies significantly associate both direct and second-hand smoke exposure with tuberculous infection, active TB, and/or more severe and lethal TB. Fewer link biomass fuel smoke exposure and TB. While a number of studies interpreted the association with multivariate analysis, other confounders are often not accounted for in these analyses. It is also important to emphasize that these retrospective studies can only show an association and not any causal link.We further explored the possibility that even if CS exposure is a risk factor for TB, several mechanisms may be responsible. Numerous studies associate cigarette and biomass smoke exposure with TB but the mechanism(s) remains largely unknown. While the associative link of these two health maladies is well established, more definitive, mechanistic studies are needed to cement the effect of smoke exposure on TB pathogenesis and to utilize this knowledge in empowering public health policies.

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“…Variables such as age, male gender, foreign birthplace, social class, malnutrition, being a current smoker, and season have been associated with TB in different studies (27)(28)(29)(30)(31). However, in the MLR models, these factors lost significance, suggesting that VitD status is strongly associated with TB outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuberculosis and Vitamin D Status Among the Contacts of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

Arnedo-Pena¹,

Juan-Cerdán²,

Romeu-Garcia³

et al. 2016

Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect

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Background: Serum vitamin D (VitD) status is associated with active tuberculosis (TB) and TB infection conversion (TBIC). Objectives: The objective of the present study was to quantify the risks of TB (latent, conversion, disease) in accordance with VitD status and other variables among the contacts of pulmonary TB patients. Methods: From 2009 to 2012, a cohort of the contacts of pulmonary TB patients was studied to rule out and prevent TB in Castellon (Spain). The exams performed included a tuberculin skin test (TST), a QuantiFERON Gold in-tube test® (QFTGIT), blood and radiographic tests, and an initial measurement of serum VitD status. Contacts who were initially without active TB were followed up through 2015. Multinomial logistic regression (MLR) analyses were carried out. Results: From a total of 572 contacts of pulmonary TB patients with VitD status measurement, 523 completed the follow-up (participation rate 91.4%). Among them, five groups could be established: 3 new cases of pulmonary TB (0.6%), 27 cases of TBIC (5.2%), 116 cases of latent TB infection (LTBI) (22.2%), 125 uninfected TB contacts with only one TST or QFTGIT measurement (23.9%), and 252 uninfected TB contacts with two TST or QFTGIT measurements (48.2%). The comparison of these five groups revealed several significant differences, including age, whether they were foreign-born, place of residence, social class, high exposure to an index case with sputum acid-fast bacilli (AFB), and VitD status. The MLR analysis for all groups, with the group of uninfected TB contacts with two TST or QFTGIT measurements as a reference, estimated that only two of these factors were significantly associated with TB in three or more groups; these factors were VitD status and high exposure and a sputum AFB-positive index case. VitD status was a protector against pulmonary TB with a relative risk (RR) of 0.86 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74 -0.99) and against TBIC (R = 0.95; 95% CI 0.91 -0.99), while it was not associated with LTBI (RR = 0.99; 95% CI 0.97-1.01). Only 34.0% of the contacts had sufficient VitD levels (≥ 30 ng/mL). Conclusions: Our results suggest that a sufficient VitD level could be a protective factor against TBIC and active TB.

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Impact of cigarette smoking on latent tuberculosis infection: does age matter?

Cited by 19 publications

References 9 publications

Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for tuberculous pleural effusion: a case-control study

Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for tuberculous pleural effusion: a case-control study

Epidemiologic link between tuberculosis and cigarette/biomass smoke exposure: Limitations despite the vast literature

Tuberculosis and Vitamin D Status Among the Contacts of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

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