Impact of Caretaker Stress On Behavioral Adjustment of Very Low Birth Weight Preschool Children

Tobey, Gail Y.; Schraeder, Barbara D.

doi:10.1097/00006199-199003000-00004

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…The increased psychological distress found in caregivers of grandchildren is consistent with the increased stress identified in other groups of caregivers (Gaynor, 1990;Kelley, 1992;Tobey & Schraeder, 1990). The increased psychological stress reported by caregivers in this study is of particular concern to nurses given that increased stress is associated with less than optimal parenting and family functioning, less than optimal parent-child interactions and lower child developmental competence (Crnic & Greenberg, 1990).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Caregiver stress in grandparents raising grandchildren is an area that has received little attention in the literature although caregiver stress related to a variety of other caregiving situations has received considerable attention in the nursing literature. Researchers have examined caregiver stress in wives of husbands with physical and cognitive disabilities (Gaynor, 1990;Robinson, 1989;Sexton, & Munro, 1985); family caregivers of elderly parents (Bower, 1987;Dellasega, 1990;Neundorfer, 199 1); mothers of very low birth weight children (Tobey & Schraeder, 1990); caregivers of persons with AIDS (Brown & Powell-Cope, 199 1); caregivers of mentally retarded dependents (Edwards-Beckett, 199 1); family caregivers of psychiatric patients (Norbeck,Chaftez,& Weiss,199 1); and caregivers of drug exposed infants (Kelley, 1992). Poor health outcomes, including depression and increased psychological distress have been associated with caregiving by family members (Gaynor, 1990;Kelley, 1992;Robinson, 1989;Sexton & Munro, 1985;Tobey & Schraeder, 1990).…”

Section: Review Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Caregiver Stress in Grandparents Raising Grandchildren

Kelley

1993

Image: the Journal of Nursing Scholarship

134

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The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine caregiver stress in grandparents who are raising grandchildren as well as the antecedents to the child's placement with grandparents. The sample was 41 grandparents, aged 40 to 78 years, with a mean of 55 years. Subjects reported increased psychological distress as measured by the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised inventory. Social isolation and restriction of role, as measured by the Parenting Stress Index, were found to be predictors of increased psychological distress. Child maltreatment, often involving parental substance abuse, was found to be the major antecedent to children being raised by grandparents.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Review Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Caregiver Stress in Grandparents Raising Grandchildren

Kelley

1993

Image: the Journal of Nursing Scholarship

134

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“…Tobey and Schraeder (1990) found that parents of 5-year-old VLBW children endorsed elevated levels of daily hassles compared to normative standards and to levels of burden reported by parents of normal birth weight children. Likewise, Cronin, Shapiro, Casiro, and Cheang (1995) found that parents of VLBW children from 1 year to 5 years of age reported higher family burden than did parents of a matched group of term children.…”

Section: Family Impactmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Samples may vary, for example, in family background characteristics or in the proportions of children with long neonatal hospitalizations or problems in health or development. Each of these factors was associated with outcomes in families of younger LBW children (Cronin et al, 1995;McCain, 1990;McCormick, Stemmler, Bernbaum, & Farran, 1986;Thompson et al, 1993;Tobey & Schraeder, 1990). Past studies of family outcomes rarely took the degree of LBW, neonatal complications, or social risks into account in evaluating family outcomes.…”

Section: Family Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

School-Age Consequences of Birth Weight Less Than 750 g: A Review and Update

Taylor¹,

Klein²,

Hack³

2000

Developmental Neuropsychology

154

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Recent advances in perinatal care have led to the survival of increasing numbers of children born at the lower limits of viability. Children with very low birth weight (LBW; less than 1,500 g, 3 lb 5 oz) have been studied extensively. Findings document poorer outcomes relative to normal birth weight term-born controls in neurologic and health status, cognitive-neuropsychological skills, school performance, academic achievement, and behavior. This report reviews current knowledge regarding LBW children, with special emphasis on outcomes for children with birth weight less than 750 g (1 lb 10 oz). Results from an ongoing longitudinal study suggest a gradient of sequelae, with poorer outcomes in less than 750 g birth weight children compared to both 750 g to 1,499 g birth weight children and term-born controls. Children with less than 750 g birth weight fail to catch up with their peers over time and may even be at risk for age-related increases in sequelae. Outcomes are highly variable but related to neonatal medical complications of prematurity and social risk factors. Further research is needed to understand the etiology and neuropathological basis of sequelae, the long-term developmental implications of LBW, and treatment needs.

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“…Research with healthy children may not be applicable to prematurely born children for several reasons. First, preterm infants are at increased risk for developmental delay and may be more sensitive to stressful environmental conditions than healthy children (Tobey & Schraeder, 1990). Second, family environments for preterm infants may be different than those for full-term infants because of increased caretaking demands and stressors.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal employment, family functioning, and preterm infant development at 9 and 12 months

Youngblut¹,

Loveland-Cherry²,

Horan³

1993

Research in Nursing & Health

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal employment on child development and family functioning for families with preterm infants. Data were collected in the family's home (N = 67) when the infant was 3, 9, and 12 months of age. Maternal employment at 3 months had little effect on 9-and 12-month child mental or psychomotor development or on family cohesion, adaptability, or satisfaction. Maternal employment attitude/behavior consistency was a significant predictor of psychomotor development. Choice in the employment decision at 3 months was positively related to both mental and psychomotor development at 9 and 12 months for nonemployed mothers.The decade of the 1980s witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of employed mothers with young children. Indeed, nearly 50% of married women with children under 3 years old are employed (Shank, 1988). Although some researchers believe that maternal employment is a stressful situation for children (Barglow, Vaughn, & Molitor, 1987;Belsky & Eggebeen, 1991), the effects of this potential stressor with children born prematurely have not been studied. Research with healthy children may not be applicable to prematurely born children for several reasons. First, preterm infants are at increased risk for developmental delay and may be more sensitive to stressful environmental conditions than healthy children (Tobey & Schraeder, 1990). Second, family environments for preterm infants may be different than those for full-term infants because of increased caretaking demands and stressors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal employment on the family and on the mental and motor development of preterm infants at 9 and 12 months of age.Because of concern for the development and wellbeing of the child with an employed mother, a significant amount of research regarding the impact of maternal employment for healthy children has been conducted; however, the results are conflicting. Some investigators report negative effects of maternal employment on attachment (Barglow et al., 1987;Belsky & Rovine, 1988;Schwarz, 1983), mother-child interaction (Cohen, 1978;Field, Stoller, Vega-Lahr, Scafidi, & Goldstein, 1986), and cognitive development (Cohen, 1978;Schacter, 1981). Others report either no effects or positive effects on attachment (Easterbrooks & Goldberg, 1985;Hock, 1980;Owen, Easterbrooks, Chase-Lansdale, & Goldberg, 1984), mother-child interaction (Schubert, Bradley-Johnson, & Nuttal, 1980) (Doyle, 1975;Hock, 1980;Stith & Davis, 1984). These conflicting results suggest that the mechanism by which maternal employment may affect the child is complex, and may be influenced by other variables.Two factors that may affect the relationship between maternal employment and child outcomes have been identified: timing of the mother's return to employment (Benn, 1986) and attitudes of the mother that conflict with her employment status (Hock, DeMeis, & McBride, 1987). Popular belief places importance on the mother's staying home w...

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Impact of Caretaker Stress On Behavioral Adjustment of Very Low Birth Weight Preschool Children

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Caregiver Stress in Grandparents Raising Grandchildren

Caregiver Stress in Grandparents Raising Grandchildren

School-Age Consequences of Birth Weight Less Than 750 g: A Review and Update

Maternal employment, family functioning, and preterm infant development at 9 and 12 months

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