Impact of bromide on halogen incorporation into organic moieties in chlorinated drinking water treatment and distribution systems

Tan, Joachim; Allard, Sébastien; Gruchlik, Yolanta; McDonald, Simon; Joll, Cynthia; Heitz, Anna

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.043

Cited by 39 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…36 Bromide can be oxidized to form bromine (HOBr or OBr À ) by chlorine (HOCl or OCl À ), reacting with NOM or AOM by either electrophilic substitution or addition to form the brominated organic by-products. Bromide concentrations in water sources near coastal regions can be impacted by natural processes such as salt water intrusion, as well as by unique geological circumstances.…”

Section: Effect Of Bromide On the Formation Concentration Of Cl-hacammentioning

confidence: 99%

The formation of haloacetamides, as an emerging class of N-DBPs, from chlor(am)ination of algal organic matter extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa, Scenedesmus quadricauda and Nitzschia palea

Cao

et al. 2017

RSC Adv.

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Critical algal blooms in lakes increased the concentration of algal organic matter (AOM), significantly altering the drinking water treatment requirements, including coagulation, oxidation and disinfection.This study utilized Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria), Scenedesmus quadricauda (Chlorella) andNitzschia palea (diatom) as models to investigate the AOM's primary characteristics and their contribution to the formation of chloroacetamides as novel disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Spectral analysis was used to characterize the proteins, carbohydrates and amino acids in AOM. The generation of chloroacetamides during chlor(am)ination was determined by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Although Microcystis aeruginosa is the dominant species in freshwater worldwide, the AOM of Nitzschia palea showed the highest dissovled organic carbon (DOC) formation (4.02 or 1.42 ng per cell in extracellular organic matter (EOM) or intracellular organic matter (IOM), respectively).Scenedesmus quadricauda, as a typical green algae, showed the greatest formation potential of chloroacetamides in chlor(am)ination. Monochloroacetamide was the dominant chloroacetamide, which has not previously been reported and differed from the results reported for other precursors. In summary, AOM should be considered an important precursor for the formation of chloroacetamides. Fig. 2 Cl-HAcAm formation in chlorination AOMs extracted from different algae. 7682 | RSC Adv., 2017, 7, 7679-7687 This journal is

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Section: Effect Of Bromide On the Formation Concentration Of Cl-hacammentioning

confidence: 99%

The formation of haloacetamides, as an emerging class of N-DBPs, from chlor(am)ination of algal organic matter extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa, Scenedesmus quadricauda and Nitzschia palea

Cao

et al. 2017

RSC Adv.

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“…We have found that many source waters in Western Australia (WA) contain moderate to extremely high concentrations of bromide (up to 8.5 mg L -1 ) (Gruchlik et al, 2014), likely demonstrating all three natural processes of salt water intrusion, arid climate and ancient sea deposits, and leading to our focus on studies of the impact of bromide in drinking water treatment (e.g. Allard et al 2013a;Allard et al 2013b;Allard et al 2015;Criquet et al 2012;Criquet et al 2015;Tan et al 2016;Langsa et al 2017). Conventional coagulation/flocculation drinking water treatment processes do not effectively remove bromide (Kristiana et al, 2015;Tan et al, 2016), leading to bromide being present during the disinfection process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Allard et al 2013a;Allard et al 2013b;Allard et al 2015;Criquet et al 2012;Criquet et al 2015;Tan et al 2016;Langsa et al 2017). Conventional coagulation/flocculation drinking water treatment processes do not effectively remove bromide (Kristiana et al, 2015;Tan et al, 2016), leading to bromide being present during the disinfection process. Bromide is rapidly oxidised by oxidants such as chlorine to produce hypobromous acid (HOBr), which can then react with natural organic matter (NOM) in the water to form brominated disinfection by-products (DBPs), in a similar way to chlorine (hypochlorous acid, HOCl) forming chlorinated DBPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In drinking water treatment, TOX is generally used as a measure of the total halogenated DBP formation in disinfected water. In chlorinated waters, the measured individual DBPs have been reported to account for only 16-70% of TOX (Pressman et al, 2010;Richardson and Ternes, 2011;Tan et al, 2016), while in chloraminated waters, less than 20% of TOX can reportedly be assigned to individually measured species of DBPs (Hua and Reckhow, 2007;Li et al, 2002). Therefore, the measurement of TOX includes both known DBPs and the significant fraction of TOX which remains unidentified and uncharacterised.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this system, a total bromine recovery (concentrations of TOBr and bromide (after quenching of the oxidant residual)) of 89% was measured in the disinfected water compared to the raw water bromide concentration (Kristiana et al, 2015). The same halogen-specific TOX method was used in a subsequent study of two WA water treatment plants treating raw waters with moderate (400 µg L -1 ) to high (754 µg L -1 ) bromide concentrations and corresponding DOC concentrations of 3.5 and 1.2 mg L -1 by chlorine disinfection only (Tan et al, 2016). Full bromine recoveries (109 and 103%, respectively) were observed in the distribution system samples (Tan et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Halogen-specific total organic halogen analysis: Assessment by recovery of total bromine

Langsa

Allard

Kristiana

et al. 2017

Journal of Environmental Sciences

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Determination of halogen-specific total organic halogen (TOX) is vital for studies of disinfection of waters containing bromide, since total organic bromine (TOBr) is likely to be more problematic than total organic chlorine. Here, we present further halogen-specific TOX method optimisation and validation, focusing on measurement of TOBr. The optimised halogen-specific TOX method was validated based on the recovery of model compounds covering different classes of disinfection by-products (haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, halophenols and halogenated benzenes) and the recovery of total bromine (mass balance of TOBr and bromide concentrations) during disinfection of waters containing dissolved organic matter and bromide. The validation of a halogen-specific TOX method based on the mass balance of total bromine has not previously been reported. Very good recoveries of organic halogen from all model compounds were obtained, indicating high or complete conversion of all organic halogen in the model compound solution through to halide in the absorber solution for ion chromatography analysis. The method was also successfully applied to monitor conversion of bromide to TOBr in a groundwater treatment plant. An excellent recovery (101%) of total bromine was observed from the raw water to the post-chlorination stage. Excellent recoveries of total bromine (92%-95%) were also obtained from chlorination of a synthetic water containing dissolved organic matter and bromide, demonstrating the validity of the halogen-specific TOX method for TOBr measurement. The halogen-specific TOX method is an important tool to monitor and better understand the formation of halogenated organic compounds, in particular brominated organic compounds, in drinking water systems.

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New Technologies to Remove Halides from Water: An Overview

Rivera‐Utrilla

Sánchez‐Polo

Polo

et al. 2019

Advanced Research in Nanosciences for Water Technology

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Impact of bromide on halogen incorporation into organic moieties in chlorinated drinking water treatment and distribution systems

Cited by 39 publications

References 56 publications

The formation of haloacetamides, as an emerging class of N-DBPs, from chlor(am)ination of algal organic matter extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa, Scenedesmus quadricauda and Nitzschia palea

The formation of haloacetamides, as an emerging class of N-DBPs, from chlor(am)ination of algal organic matter extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa, Scenedesmus quadricauda and Nitzschia palea

Halogen-specific total organic halogen analysis: Assessment by recovery of total bromine

New Technologies to Remove Halides from Water: An Overview

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