Impact of Ambient Air Pollution and Meteorological Factors on Hospital Admission to the Cardiovascular System Disease on Ulaanbaatar City of Mongolia

Abstract

Background: Mongolia is situated in northern Central Asia. Landlocked between China and Russia, it is a vast expanse of high attitude grassland steppe, desert, and mountain covering an area of 1,565,000 square kilometers. Air pollution is an increasingly series problem in Mongolia. Materials and Methods: This is a time-series cross over study. All health and air pollution data of 2008-2017 was used for this survey. Results: The mean level of SO 2 during the cold season was 35.22 µg/m 3 and during the warm season it was 4.65 µg/m 3. 24 hours PM10 concentration, during the cold season daily average concentration was 226.77 µg/m 3. The 8 hours average daily carbon monoxide concentration (1352.85 µg/m 3 [95% CI: 1313.07-1396.15]) was high during the cold season, ozone concentration (39.10 µg/m 3 [95% CI: 37.95-40.35]) was high during the warm season. Air quality depends on metrological parameters. All correlation was statistically significant during the whole year and cold season. In total, 288,832 people get admitted to the hospital due to cardiovascular system disease in Ulaanbaatar during the year of 2008-2017. In general, hospitalization is increasing year by year. Significant associations were found for SO 2 with hypertensive diseases (I10-I15), ischemic heart diseases (I20-I25), cerebrovascular diseases (I60-I69), diseases of pulmonary circulation and other forms of heart (I00-I09, I26-I52) in all lags. For NO 2 was less associated with Ischemic heart diseases (I20-I25) and diseases of pulmonary circulation and other forms of heart (I00-I09, I26-I52).

Acute effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Lanzhou, China: a time-series study

“…In addition, hospitalizations of CVD was significantly associated with short-term exposure to high particulate matter pollution in Yichang [11]. However, particulate matter pollution are not the only environmental risk factors associated with CVD morbidity [13]. Several other studies have proven that outdoor temperature serves as another major ambient risk factor affecting cardiovascular events [14][15][16][17].…”

Air Pollution: A Review of Its Impacts on Health and Ecosystems, and Analytical Techniques for Their Measurement and Modeling

“…(e) Synthesizing the evidence: After extracting the data, tacks, strokes, and hypertension. Small particulate matter, especially those with a diameter of < 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5), can penetrate the lungs and enter the bloodstream, triggering inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular damage (An et al, 2018;Laeremans et al, 2018;Kolpakova et al, 2019;Enkhjargal et al, 2020;Shah et al, 2020;Bhatnagar, 2022;Bourdrel, 2022;Costa and Pasquinelli, 2022). These effects contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, blood clot formation, and heart rhythm abnormalities (Wold et al, 2012;Newby et al, 2015;Rao et al, 2017;Hamanaka and Mutlu, 2018;Fauzie and Venkataramana, 2019;Lelieveld et al, 2019;Neuberger, 2019;Al-Kindi et al, 2020;Hahad et al, 2020;Miller and Newby, 2020).…”

Unintentional Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Outbreak from 2 to 9 October 2019 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

“…Air pollutants emitted from various sources are trapped in a temperature-inversion layer above the city [14]. In Ulaanbaatar, 80% of air pollution source is due to the burning of coal, briquette fuel, and food in household stoves and ~3200 heat-only boilers in the ger area [15]. Thus, the air pollution associated with burning coal has negative impacts on public health and is a risk that continues to be a serious public health problem [16] [17] [18] [19].…”

“…In Ulaanbaatar, 80% of air pollution source is due to the burning of coal, briquette fuel, and food in household stoves and ~3200 heat-only boilers in the ger area [15]. Thus, the air pollution associated with burning coal has negative impacts on public health and is a risk that continues to be a serious public health problem [16] [17] [18] [19]. To address health and environmental concerns, the Government of Mongolia has shown considerable efforts to reduce air pollution in Ulaanbaatar.…”