“…ASP is instituted to promote the appropriate use of antimicrobials, improve patient outcome, reduce microbial resistance, and decrease the spread of infection caused by multidrug-resistant organisms (Charani et al, 2019). Meanwhile, the inclusion of clinical pharmacists in ASP has been shown to result in significant improvement in terms of the quality of antibiotic use from various aspects, such as improving guidelineconcordant antimicrobial prescribing (Smith et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2018;Fay et al, 2019;Bishop et al, 2020), lessening the emergence of multidrug resistance (Li et al, 2017), shortening the days of antibiotic therapy (Wirtz et al, 2020), reducing the hospital stay of patients (Sadyrbaeva-Dolgova et al, 2020), and decreasing patients mortality (Li et al, 2017). ASP in China was initiated in 2011 with the promulgation of the Guideline for Clinical Application of Antimicrobial Agents (GCAAA), which required clinical pharmacists to participate in the management of antimicrobials, particularly in special antibiotics (vancomycin, carbapenem, tigecycline).…”