Impact Models of Gravitational and Electrostatic Forces

Abstract

The far-reaching gravitational force is described by a heuristic impact model with hypothetical massless entities propagating at the speed of light in vacuum transferring momentum and energy between massive bodies through interactions on a local basis. In the original publication in 2013, a spherical symmetric emission of secondary entities had been postulated. The potential energy problems in gravitationally and electrostatically bound two-body systems have been studied in the framework of this impact model of gravity and of a proposed impact model of the electrostatic force. These studies have indicated that an antiparallel emission of a secondary entity-now called graviton-with respect to the incoming one is more appropriate. This article is based on the latter choice and presents the modifications resulting from this change. The model has been applied to multiple interactions of gravitons in large mass conglomerations in several publications. They will be summarized here taking the modified interaction process into account. In addition, the speed of photons as a function of the gravitational potential is considered in this context together with the dependence of atomic clocks and the redshift on the gravitational potential.

Gravitational matter-antimatter impact interactions

“…The physical quantities discussed in Section 3.4 are taken from Ref. 2 (Wilhelm & Dwivedi 2020); DOI:10.5772/intechopen.86744.…”

On the radial acceleration of disc galaxies

“…A physical process based on Nicolas Fatio's idea consistent with GRT -as far as the perihelion precession and the light deflection are concerned -and in line with strict momentum and energy conservation has been proposed by Wilhelm, Wilhelm & Dwivedi (2013) and is discussed in a wider context in Wilhelm & Dwivedi (2020). The solution is based on gravitons which lose energy and momentum when interacting with baryonic matter.…”

Anomalous Sun Flyby of 1I/2017 U1 (`Oumuamua)

“…The physical process causing the offset ρ , described in refs. [50,51], is that multiple interactions of the gravitons with the massive body occur before they can escape .…”

“…The effective gravitational centre is, therefore, not expected to coincide with the geometric centre -even if a spherical symmetry of the Sun is assumed -but is situated on a sphere with radius ρ around the centre, cf. [51]. We had thought that the observed anomalous acceleration of 'Oumuamua might also be a consequence of this offset.…”

“…We suggested that the interaction between gravitating bodies is affected by mass conglomerations according to an impact model of gravity [50,51]-based on the ideas of Nicolas Fatio de Duillier [52][53][54]. It results in a modification of the 1/r potential U for extended bodies, such as the Sun and the Earth.…”