Impact Injury and Crash Protection

Gurdjian, E. S.; Lange, William A.; Patrick, L. M.; Thomas, Murray E.

doi:10.1097/00006534-197011000-00018

Cited by 19 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The increased sensitivity of biomechanical measures to incidence of MTBI using wPCS is perhaps explained by the known relevance of impact duration (HIC and GSI), 21,22,23 rotational acceleration 26,27,28 and impact location 30,31,32,33,34,37 on susceptibility to concussion. Several studies have utilized finite element models (FEM) to model brain acceleration during impact.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Wayne State Tolerance Curve (WSTC), which was developed to better understand head injury acceleration tolerance in automotive crashes, defines an injury threshold using a linear acceleration versus impact time duration curve ( Figure 1). 21 In this model, the onset of skull fracture (rather than brain injury) is the injury criterion or curve boundary. Several impact severity measures based on weighted integrals of acceleration-time profiles, Gadd Severity Index (GSI) 22 and Head Injury Criteria (HIC) 23,24 were expansions of this work (Appendix A).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Head Impact Severity Measures for Evaluating Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Risk Exposure

Greenwald¹,

Gwin²,

Chu³

et al. 2008

Neurosurgery

384

309

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Objective-To quantify sensitivity of various biomechanical measures of head impact (linear acceleration, rotational acceleration, impact duration, impact location) to clinical diagnosis of concussion in American football players and to develop a novel measure of head impact severity which combines these measures into a single score that better predicts the incidence of concussion.Methods-On-field head impact data were collected from 449 football players at 13 organizations (n = 289,916) using in-helmet systems of six single axis accelerometers. 1,2,3,4,5 Concussions were diagnosed by medical staff and later associated with impact data. Principal Component Analysis 6, 7 and a weighting coefficient based on impact location were used to transform correlated head impact measures into a new composite variable (wPCS). The predictive power of linear acceleration, rotational acceleration, Head Injury Criteria, and wPCS was quantified using Receiver Operating Characteristic 8,9,10 curves. The null hypothesis that a measure was no more predictive than guessing was tested (α=0.05). Additionally, ROC curves for wPCS and classical measures were directly compared to test the hypothesis that wPCS was more predictive of concussion than classic measures (α=0.05).Results-When all impacts were considered, every biomechanical measure evaluated was statistically more predictive of concussion than guessing (p < 0.005). However, for the top 1% and 2% of impacts based on linear acceleration, a subset that consisted of 82% of all diagnosed concussions, only wPCS was significantly more predictive of concussion than guessing (p<0.03), and, when compared to each other, wPCS was more predictive of concussion than classical measures for the top 1% and 2% of all data (p < 0.04).Conclusions-A weighted combination of several biomechanical inputs, including impact location, is more predictive of concussion than a single biomechanical measure. This study is the first to quantify improvements in the sensitivity of a biomechanical measure to incidence of concussion when impact location is considered.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Head Impact Severity Measures for Evaluating Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Risk Exposure

Greenwald¹,

Gwin²,

Chu³

et al. 2008

Neurosurgery

384

309

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…24 In addition to simple magnitudes, impact-severity measures quantify injury tolerance, and the original work in car impacts yielded the Wayne State Tolerance Curve (WSTC). 34 The objective of the WSTC was to inform protective material development by understanding the risk of skull fracture in moderate and severe TBI. 35 The concept behind the WSTC is that humans can tolerate larger acceleration magnitudes for shorter periods and smaller accelerations for longer periods.…”

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confidence: 99%

Head-Impact–Measurement Devices: A Systematic Review

O’Connor

Rowson

Duma

et al. 2017

Journal of Athletic Training

154

117

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Context: With an estimated 3.8 million sport-and recreation-related concussions occurring annually, targeted prevention and diagnostic methods are needed. Biomechanical analysis of head impacts may provide quantitative information that can inform both prevention and diagnostic strategies.Objective: To assess available head-impact devices and their clinical utility.Data Sources: We performed a systematic search of the electronic database PubMed for peer-reviewed publications, using the following phrases: accelerometer and concussion, head impact telemetry, head impacts and concussion and sensor, head impacts and sensor, impact sensor and concussion, linear acceleration and concussion, rotational acceleration and concussion, and xpatch concussion. In addition to the literature review, a Google search for head impact monitor and concussion monitor yielded 15 more devices.Study Selection: Included studies were performed in vivo, used commercially available devices, and focused on sportrelated concussion.Data Extraction: One author reviewed the title and abstract of each study for inclusion and exclusion criteria and then reviewed each full-text article to confirm inclusion criteria. Controversial articles were reviewed by all authors to reach consensus.Data Synthesis: In total, 61 peer-reviewed articles involving 4 head-impact devices were included. Participants in boxing, football, ice hockey, soccer, or snow sports ranged in age from 6 to 24 years; 18% (n ¼ 11) of the studies included female athletes. The Head Impact Telemetry System was the most widely used device (n ¼ 53). Fourteen additional commercially available devices were presented.Conclusions: Measurements collected by impact monitors provided real-time data to estimate player exposure but did not have the requisite sensitivity to concussion. Proper interpretation of previously reported head-impact kinematics across age, sport, and position may inform future research and enable staff clinicians working on the sidelines to monitor athletes. However, head-impact-monitoring systems have limited clinical utility due to error rates, designs, and low specificity in predicting concussive injury.

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Traumatic Paraplegia in Infancy

Glasauer¹

1972

JAMA

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Impact Injury and Crash Protection

Cited by 19 publications

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Head Impact Severity Measures for Evaluating Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Risk Exposure

Head Impact Severity Measures for Evaluating Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Risk Exposure

Head-Impact–Measurement Devices: A Systematic Review

Traumatic Paraplegia in Infancy

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