Impact-Induced Fissuring of Articular Cartilage: An Investigation of Failure Criteria

Atkinson, Theresa; Haut, Roger C.; Altiero, Nicholas J.

doi:10.1115/1.2798300

Cited by 109 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…3 Several impact models have been used to study the processes leading to cartilage degeneration. The most common trauma caused by impact loading are fissures at the cartilage surface in the middle of the impacted zone, which extend downward at approximately 45 degrees into the superficial, [4][5][6][7][8] middle, 9,10 or deep 11,12 zones. Excessive shear stresses, 13 excessive tensile stresses, 14 or excessive principal strains, [15][16][17][18] might cause the formation of these cracks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes of mechanically induced collagen damage in articular cartilage

Wilson

Burken

Donkelaar

et al. 2005

Journal Orthopaedic Research

121

126

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease, associated with articular cartilage degeneration and eventually joint destruction. The phases of the disease have been described in detail, and mechanical factors play an important role in the initiation of OA, but many questions remain about its etiology. Swelling of cartilage, one of the earliest signs of damage, is proportional to the amount of collagen damage. This strongly suggests that damage to the collagen network is an early event in cartilage degeneration. The goal of this study was to determine the mechanical cause of early collagen damage in articular cartilage after mechanical overloading. Both the shear strain along the fibrils and the maximum fibril strains were evaluated as possible candidates for causing collagen damage. This evaluation was done by comparing the locations of maximum shear and tensile strains with the locations of initial collagen damage after mechanical overloading in bovine explants as found using antibodies directed against denatured type II collagen (Col2-3/4M). Collagen damage could be initiated by excessive shear strains along the collagen fibrils, and by excessive fibrils strains. The locations of collagen damage after mechanical overloading were highly dependent on the cartilage thickness, with thinner cartilage being more susceptible to damage than thicker samples. ß

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes of mechanically induced collagen damage in articular cartilage

Wilson

Burken

Donkelaar

et al. 2005

Journal Orthopaedic Research

121

126

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…First, the fewer number of fissures at 90" might be associated with larger contact area and corresponding lowered contact pressure gradients. Previous studies have shown the contact area is indirectly related to the magnitude of the surface shear stresses which in turn has been shown to be a strong predictor of surface fissures [7]. In addition, the retropatellar cartilage is the thickest, in the region of contact associated with these experiments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…In addition, the retropatellar cartilage is the thickest, in the region of contact associated with these experiments. Theoretical studies suggest this would reduce stresses and presumably the incidence of surface lesions [7]. Alternately, intraarticular contact in these experiments coincides with a central medial-lateral band of preexisting surface fibrillation documented previously [2,12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Surface fissures on cartilage have been documented on rabbit [7,16] and canine [9,19] articular cartilage following a single impact event. The occult microfractures documented in the current study might also be a basis of human 'geographic' bone bruises, which have been associated with subfracture joint trauma and documented via magnetic resonance imaging [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several parameters have been hypothesized to be important factors influencing the potential for subfracture knee injuries. For example, the magnitude of the radii of the contacting articular surfaces (and thus the magnitude of the contact area) appear to alter the stress state in the cartilage and underlying bone [7], perhaps due to the changing contact pressure gradients [ 1 11. Small contact areas are associated with high shear stresses at the cartilage surface and the appearance of surface fissures, whereas larger contact areas produce larger stresses and injury at the bone-cartilage interface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Injuries produced by blunt trauma to the human patellofemoral joint vary with flexion angle of the knee

Atkinson

Haut

2001

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Patellofemoral joint impact trauma during car accidents, sporting activities, and falls can produce acute gross fracture of bone, microfracture of bone, and soft tissue injury. Field studies of car accidents, however, show that most patellofemoral traumas are classified as 'subfracture' level injuries. While experimental studies have shown that the influence of flexion angle at impact is not well understood, flexion anglc may influence injury location and severity. In the current study, 18 pairs of isolated human cadaver knees were subjected to blunt impact at flexion angles of 60°, 90°, or 120". One knee from each cadaver was sequentially impacted until gross fracture of bone was produced. The contralateral knee was subjected to a single, subfracture impact at 45% of the impact energy producing fracture in the first knee. The fracture experiments produced gross fracture of the patella and femoral condyles with the fracture plane positioned largely within the region of patellofemoral contact. The fracture location and character changed with flexion angle; at higher flexion angles the proximal pole of the patella and the femoral condyles were more susceptible to injury. For the 90" flexion angle, the patella was fractured centrally, while a t 60" the distal pole fractured transversely at the insertion of the patellar tendon. In addition, the load magnitude required to produce fracture increased with flexion angle. i n the 'subfracture' knees, injuries were documented for all flexion angles: occult microfractures of the subchondral and trabecular bone and fissures of the articular surface. Similar to the fracture-level experiments, the injuries coincided with the patellofemoral contact region. These data show that knee flexion angle plays an important role in impact related knee trauma. Such data may be useful in the clinical setting, as well as in the design of injury prevention strategies.

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Strain rate dependent orthotropic properties of pristine and impulsively loaded porcine temporomandibular joint disk

Beatty

Bruno

Iwasaki³

et al. 2001

J. Biomed. Mater. Res.

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The purpose of this study was to characterize the tensile stress-strain behavior of the porcine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disk with respect to collagen orientation and strain rate dependency. The apparent elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and strain at maximum stress were measured at three elongation rates (0.5, 50, and 500 mm/min) for dumbbell-shaped samples oriented along either anteroposterior or mediolateral axes of the disks. In order to study the effects of impact-induced fissuring on the mechanical behavior, the same properties were measured along each orientation at an elongation rate of 500 mm/min for disks subjected to impulsive loads of 0.5 N. s. The results suggested a strongly orthotropic nature to the healthy pristine disk. The values for the apparent modulus and ultimate strength were 10-fold higher along the anteroposterior axis (p < or = 0.01), which represented the primary orientation of the collagen fibers. Strain rate dependency was evident for loading along the anteroposterior axis but not along the mediolateral axis. No significant differences in any property were noted between pristine and impulsively loaded disks for either orientation (p > 0.05). The results demonstrated the importance of choosing an orthotropic model for the TMJ disk to conduct finite element modeling, to develop failure criteria, and to construct tissue-engineered replacements. Impact-induced fissuring requires further study to determine if the TMJ disk is orthotropic with respect to fatigue.

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Impact-Induced Fissuring of Articular Cartilage: An Investigation of Failure Criteria

Cited by 109 publications

References 19 publications

Causes of mechanically induced collagen damage in articular cartilage

Causes of mechanically induced collagen damage in articular cartilage

Injuries produced by blunt trauma to the human patellofemoral joint vary with flexion angle of the knee

Strain rate dependent orthotropic properties of pristine and impulsively loaded porcine temporomandibular joint disk

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