Impact assessment of nanoparticles on microstructure and rheological behaviour of VES fracturing fluid formulated with mixed surfactant system

Raj, K.A.; Balikram, Archana; Ojha, Keka

doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118241

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Raj et al reported the effects of the type, surface area, charge, and shape of NPs on the rheology and thermal properties of the VES fluids. 292 The results indicated that less surface charge and larger surface area make the VES fluid network structure more compact and have a higher viscosity. MgO and Fe 2 O 3 can improve the viscosity of the VES fluid more than SiO 2 and ZnO.…”

Section: Counterion Salt Effectmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Moreover, compared with the conventional systems, the addition of NPs improved the proppant-suspension ability (Figure ). Due to the pseudocross-linking of NPs and WLMs, the elastic modulus of the VES fluid is increased and its suspension performance is enhanced. , A follow-up study by Huang et al also demonstrated the wall-building performance of the NP-based systems, and the retained permeability of the system was 100%. Liu et al prepared a silica nanoparticle-reinforced CO 2 -sensitive fracturing fluid system.…”

Section: High-temperature-resistant Ves Fracturing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is reported that after the nanoparticle concentration reached 500 ppm, the rate of the viscosity increase decreases with increasing nanoparticle concentration. 292 Similarly, Gurluk et al 248 reported that the VES fluids (2−4 vol % amidoamine oxide surfactant + 0.072 wt % NPs) enhanced with MgO-NPs maintained a viscosity greater than 100 mPa•s for 6 h, while the solutions prepared with ZnO maintained a viscosity greater than 20 mPa•s for 6 h. The results indicated that the interaction between MgO particles and the surfactants is stronger than that between ZnO particles and the surfactants, bringing about a stronger network and an increase in viscosity. Liu et al 294 found that there are optimal surfactant concentrations, counterion salt concentrations, and nanosilica concentrations for the enhanced VES system with nanosilica.…”

Section: Counterion Salt Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When nanoparticles are added, they interact with the micelle end-caps to connect different WLMs together, aimed at forming a network. Meanwhile, Raj et al explained that under the C *, the wormlike micelle networks and the pseudocross-linked networks form a dual network. It is of much importance that the addition of nanoparticles can significantly increase the viscosity of WLM fluid at high temperatures, because high temperature will cause the shortening of micelles, so as to provide more micelle end-caps to participate in the cross-linking with nanoparticles. , …”

Section: High-temperature-resistant Ves Fracturing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) , and metal oxides (magnesium oxide (MgO), iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), ,,, alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), zirconia (ZrO 2 ), , and titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) , ) are commonly used nanoparticles to improve the temperature resistance for a fracturing fluid because they have higher reactivity and efficiency . The interaction between nanoparticles and WLMs is affected by various parameters, including the type, size, and concentration of nanoparticles, surfactant concentration, temperature, and charge on surfactants and nanoparticles. ,, Therefore, in order to select the preferred high-temperature-resistant nano-enhanced VES fracturing fluid, these parameters need to be optimized. Raj et al reported the effects of the type, surface area, charge, and shape of NPs on the rheology and thermal properties of the VES fluids .…”

Section: High-temperature-resistant Ves Fracturing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review on High-Temperature-Resistant Viscoelastic Surfactant Fracturing Fluids: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives

Liu

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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A viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluid is an important part of a water-based fracturing fluid. As oil and gas exploration expands into deep, high-temperature, low-permeability reservoirs, the conventional VES fracturing fluid has shown great limitations. The high-temperature-resistance mechanisms of the high-temperature-resistant VES fracturing fluids in publicly available literature were analyzed from five aspects: single-chain surfactant system, oligomeric surfactant system, counterion effect, blended surfactant system, and nano-enhanced VES system. The friction-reduction performance, sand-carrying performance, gel-breaking performance, and core-damage performance of these systems were summarized. The results show that oligomeric surfactants with a monounsaturated hydrophobic long chain (>C21) are most likely to be used for VES fracturing fluids in high-temperature reservoirs, but the loading of the surfactants is still relatively high (3–5 wt %). By reducing the repulsion among polar headgroups to effectively decrease the area of head groups, or/and penetrating into the nonpolar cores based on hydrophobic interaction to increase the average hydrophobic volume of hydrophobic tails, counterions affect the performance of VESs. The aromatic counterion salts are preferred choices for improving the temperature resistance, friction reduction, and suspended sand performance of VES fluids. The blended surfactant/synthetic polymer systems based on noncovalent interaction improve the temperature resistance of VES fluids and reduce the loading of the surfactants to a certain extent. Based on the “pseudo-cross-linking” of nanomaterials and wormlike micelles, a very small amount of nanomaterials can improve the temperature resistance of VES fluids and reduce the loading of the surfactants. The most essential and effective method to improve the temperature resistance of VES fluids for fracturing is the molecular structure design based on the packing parameter theory. However, the synthesis process or route still needs further optimization to reduce production costs. In addition, given the excellent performance of VES fluids enhanced by nanomaterials, further research should be conducted on the influence mechanism of nanomaterial type and geometric features on the performance of VESs, as well as the potential harmfulness of nanomaterials, to promote the field-scale application of nano-enhanced VES fluids.

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Section: Counterion Salt Effectmentioning

confidence: 95%