Impact assessment framework of PV‐BES systems to active distribution networks

Abstract

Passive distribution networks tend to become active, due to the high penetration of photovoltaic units, battery energy storage utilization and their combined active participation to distribution network operation. In this paper, a framework for the assessment of the impact of photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems on voltage profiles, power losses and reverse power flow phenomena of active distribution networks is proposed. Also, the utilization of photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems is evaluated. The proposed methodology is applied to statistically analyse results obtained from annual timeseries power flow calculations in a real 18-bus low-voltage network over a range of operating conditions; the obtained results are quantified using a set of probabilistic indices. The proposed framework can be a useful tool for distribution system operators to identify operational challenges and ensure the optimal exploitation of end-user and network assets.

Nearly‐optimal control for energy, thermal, and storage loads with energy disaggregation monitoring: A case of residential management for the elderly

“…In order to improve the self-sufficiency of the consumers and subsequently reduce the electricity tariff costs, BES units are installed at the residential level alongside PV systems. The mathematical model of Equation ( 12) is utilised to simulate the operation of the BES unit [50]. Specifically, the energy content (E) of the BES at each time instant t can be calculated as [50]:…”

“…The mathematical model of Equation ( 12) is utilised to simulate the operation of the BES unit [50]. Specifically, the energy content (E) of the BES at each time instant t can be calculated as [50]:…”

“…This operation is depicted in the flowchart of Figure 8. It should be highlighted that the selected CS can ensure the most positive economic benefits for the prosumers by maximising their self-consumption [50].…”

“…In order to improve the self–sufficiency of the consumers and subsequently reduce the electricity tariff costs, BES units are installed at the residential level alongside PV systems. The mathematical model of Equation () is utilised to simulate the operation of the BES unit [50]. Specifically, the energy content ( E ) of the BES at each time instant t can be calculated as [50]: $$$E(t)=E(t-1)\cdot \frac{\mathrm{SD}\,}{d}+{\eta }_{c}\cdot {P}_{c}(t)\cdot {\Delta }t-\frac{1}{{\eta }_{d}}\cdot {P}_{d}(t)\cdot {\Delta }t$$$ where Δ t is the time step, SD represents the self‐discharge factor of the BES, d is a conversion factor of the number of time steps per day, for example, d = 96 for daily data with 15‐min resolution, and P c and P d are the BES charging and discharging power, respectively; η c and η d are the corresponding charging and discharging BES efficiency.…”

Evaluation of technical and financial benefits of battery energy storage system control strategies

“…Battery energy storage systems (BESS) have become more critical daily, even with battery charge control strategies [1]. BESS being able to give flexibility to energy generation and consumption with the help of control strategies has been important for the residential sector because they can provide demand response without affecting electric consumption [2].…”