Immunotherapy of type-1 allergies with virus-like particles and CpG-motifs

Abstract

Immunotherapy of type-I-allergies is regarded as the most efficient treatment option besides allergen avoidance. Different forms of allergen preparations are used as well as different routes of application. Virus-like particles represent a potent vaccine platform with proven immunogenicity and clinical efficacy. The addition of toll-like receptor ligands and/or depot-forming adjuvants further enhances immune cell activation. This article will focus on the function of virus-like particles loaded with DNA rich in CpG-motifs and discuss clinical experience in treatment of allergic rhinitis. Evidence will be presented that clinically effective treatment can be obtained even in the absence of allergens. Results encourage further investigation of virus-like particles and CpG-motifs in immunotherapy, either as a stand alone product, or as adjuvants for allergen-specific immunotherapy.

Virus-like particle vaccines: immunology and formulation for clinical translation

“…TLR9 agonist adjuvants such as unmethylated CpG oligonucleotides have drawn considerable interest due to their inherent ability to associate with some VLP [138,165]. Similarly, the presence of other nucleic acids can have downstream ramifications on the immune response induced by VLP.…”

The future of immunotherapy for canine atopic dermatitis: a review

“…Beyond modifying the specific allergen molecule; nonspecific enhancement of its desensitizing effect is another active area of research. Adjuvanting the allergen to enhance its delivery such as packaging in VLPs prior to injection, or in a mucoadhesive polymer to prolong oromucosal contact in SLIT, is promising . Immunomodulating substances that direct the immune system towards a Th1 cell response and/or tolerance – again as a nonspecific action that could be administered along with any specific allergen – have been studied, but principally in mouse models .…”

“…Immunomodulating substances that direct the immune system towards a Th1 cell response and/or tolerance – again as a nonspecific action that could be administered along with any specific allergen – have been studied, but principally in mouse models . Administration of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides either as sole therapy or along with specific allergen may have benefit, including in dogs …”

The future of immunotherapy for canine atopic dermatitis: a review

“…Adjuvanting the allergen to enhance its delivery such as packaging in VLPs prior to injection, or in a mucoadhesive polymer to prolong oromucosal contact in SLIT, is promising. [38][39][40][41] Immunomodulating substances that direct the immune system towards a Th1 cell response and/or toleranceagain as a nonspecific action that could be administered along with any specific allergen -have been studied, but principally in mouse models. 42,43 Administration of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides either as sole therapy or along with specific allergen may have benefit, including in dogs.…”