Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Colorectal Cancer

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer type, and third highest in mortality rates among cancer-related deaths in the United States. Originating from intestinal epithelial cells in the colon and rectum, that are impacted by numerous factors including genetics, environment and chronic, lingering inflammation, CRC can be a problematic malignancy to treat when detected at advanced stages. Chemotherapeutic agents serve as the historical first line of defense in the treatment of metastatic CRC. In recent years, however, combinational treatment with targeted therapies, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, or epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, has proven to be quite effective in patients with specific CRC subtypes. While scientific and clinical advances have uncovered promising new treatment options, the five-year survival rate for metastatic CRC is still low at about 14%. Current research into the efficacy of immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (ICI) in mismatch repair deficient and microsatellite instability high (dMMR–MSI-H) CRC tumors have shown promising results, but its use in other CRC subtypes has been either unsuccessful, or not extensively explored. This Review will focus on the current status of immunotherapies, including ICI, vaccination and adoptive T cell therapy (ATC) in the treatment of CRC and its potential use, not only in dMMR–MSI-H CRC, but also in mismatch repair proficient and microsatellite instability low (pMMR-MSI-L).

Chemical Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Cancer Effects of Italian Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. Methanol Leaves Extracts

“…Indeed, a massive presence of oxygen free radicals [9] can determine important changes in the cell favoring a cancer phenotype onset and, therefore, giving way to the cancer process [10,11]. However, in addition to oxidative stress, the carcinogenesis process may be due to an inflammatory process [12,13]. The inflammatory process is one of the processes that the body sets in motion as protective mechanism against pathogens or even tissue damage in order to facilitate its repair.…”

Data Mining and System Pharmacology to Elucidate the Efficiency and Mechanism of Chinese Medicine in Treating Primary Liver Cancer

“…Incidence of PLC is closely related to choric virus infection and/or cirrhosis, which present tumor cells existing in an in ammatory microenvironment [50][51][52]. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) family produced by CD4+ T helper (Th) cells plays a vital role in orchestrating host immune responses [53].…”

The Role of Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in Colorectal Cancer-Associated Inflammation: Implications for Therapeutic Strategies

“…Overall, these pieces of evidence suggest the strong ability of these lipid molecules to dampen inflammation in the gut. Herein, because of the cooccurrence of either intrinsic (cancer cells that trigger inflammation) or extrinsic (chronic inflammation that promotes cancer) processes promoting cancer development [89], it was reasonable to think that cancer, including CRC, might find new frontiers in therapies exploiting the pro-resolving ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs and their derivatives to enhance the resolution of tumor-associated inflammation. It is noteworthy that, except for LXs, the other ω-6 PUFA-derived metabolites, such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, are conventionally involved in the initiation of inflammatory responses as well as in cancer [82].…”