Immunotherapy for Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion and its Analogies to Treatment for Cancer

Circulating Cell-Derived Microparticles in Women with Pregnancy Loss

“…5,6 Biological evidence of endothelial dysfunction has been shown by increased plasma levels of markers including fibronectin, von Willebrand factor, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin. 5,6 Biological evidence of endothelial dysfunction has been shown by increased plasma levels of markers including fibronectin, von Willebrand factor, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin.…”

“…5,6 Biological evidence of endothelial dysfunction has been shown by increased plasma levels of markers including fibronectin, von Willebrand factor, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin. 6,[8][9][10][11] Recently, a new marker or causative agent of RM is discussed: the cell-derived circulating microparticles (cMP). In cases of RM associated with aPL, the main thrombogenic mechanism includes other pathways: interference with coagulation soluble factors -protein C pathway inhibition, antithrombin III (ATIII) inhibition, annexin A5 displacement, blocking of the anticoagulant activity of b 2 GP1, monocyte activation with tissue factor up-regulation, endothelial dysfunction, and fibrinolysis impairment.…”

“…that involve vascular, endothelial, and blood cells. 5,6 Biological evidence of endothelial dysfunction has been shown by increased plasma levels of markers including fibronectin, von Willebrand factor, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin. [6][7][8][9] Platelet activation has also been documented by the increased expression of CD63 and CD62P.…”

“…In cases of RM associated with aPL, the main thrombogenic mechanism includes other pathways: interference with coagulation soluble factors -protein C pathway inhibition, antithrombin III (ATIII) inhibition, annexin A5 displacement, blocking of the anticoagulant activity of b 2 GP1, monocyte activation with tissue factor up-regulation, endothelial dysfunction, and fibrinolysis impairment. 6,[8][9][10][11] Recently, a new marker or causative agent of RM is discussed: the cell-derived circulating microparticles (cMP). 12 Cellderived microparticles are a heterogeneous group of small membrane-coated vesicles that represent subcellular elements for cell signaling and intercellular communication in inflammation and thrombosis.…”

Education Case: Hereditary Thrombophilia With Double Heterozygous Factor V Leiden and Factor II c.*97G>A Mutations

“…5,6 Immune factors are mainly represented by antiphospholipid syndrome, in which the body generates autoantibodies (mainly anticardiolipin antibodies) that induce placental injury by producing inflammatory and prothrombotic changes that affect endothelial and trophoblasts cells. 7 Inherited thrombophilic disorders can cause recurrent fetal loss by inducing thrombosis of the uteroplacental circulation. 3 Infective agents such as Chlamydia, Listeria, Mycoplasma, Toxoplasma, Ureaplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes virus have been linked to spontaneous miscarriage.…”