Immunotherapy for Alzheimer’s disease: targeting β-amyloid and beyond

Song, Chenghuan; Shi, Jiyun; Zhang, Pingao; Zhang, Yongfang; Xu, Jianrong; Zhao, Lijie; Zhang, Rui; Wang, Hao; Chen, Hongzhuan

doi:10.1186/s40035-022-00292-3

Cited by 115 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…Other applications that also need to be considered include the use of gene editing for AD treatment [267,268], as well as antibody therapy targeting Aβ and tau proteins [269]. These topics have been discussed in other reviews as cited.…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alzheimer’s Disease: Treatment Strategies and Their Limitations

Passeri

Elkhoury

Morsink

et al. 2022

IJMS

139

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most frequent case of neurodegenerative disease and is becoming a major public health problem all over the world. Many therapeutic strategies have been explored for several decades; however, there is still no curative treatment, and the priority remains prevention. In this review, we present an update on the clinical and physiological phase of the AD spectrum, modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for AD treatment with a focus on prevention strategies, then research models used in AD, followed by a discussion of treatment limitations. The prevention methods can significantly slow AD evolution and are currently the best strategy possible before the advanced stages of the disease. Indeed, current drug treatments have only symptomatic effects, and disease-modifying treatments are not yet available. Drug delivery to the central nervous system remains a complex process and represents a challenge for developing therapeutic and preventive strategies. Studies are underway to test new techniques to facilitate the bioavailability of molecules to the brain. After a deep study of the literature, we find the use of soft nanoparticles, in particular nanoliposomes and exosomes, as an innovative approach for preventive and therapeutic strategies in reducing the risk of AD and solving problems of brain bioavailability. Studies show the promising role of nanoliposomes and exosomes as smart drug delivery systems able to penetrate the blood–brain barrier and target brain tissues. Finally, the different drug administration techniques for neurological disorders are discussed. One of the promising therapeutic methods is the intranasal administration strategy which should be used for preclinical and clinical studies of neurodegenerative diseases.

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Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alzheimer’s Disease: Treatment Strategies and Their Limitations

Passeri

Elkhoury

Morsink

et al. 2022

IJMS

139

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“…AADvac-1: This is an active vaccine designed to elicit an immune response against a pathologically altered form of tau pathology [ 70 ]. This first-generation active immunotherapy vaccine targets 12 amino acid sequences in the tau protein’s microtubule-binding region (MTBR) [ 71 ]. In May 2013, Axon neuroscience started a phase 1 trial in 30 patients with mild-to-moderate AD.…”

Section: Tau Immunotherapiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s Disease: Recent Developments

et al. 2022

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With increasing aging, dementia is a growing public health concern globally. Patients with dementia have multiple psychological and behavioral changes, including depression, anxiety, inappropriate behavior, paranoia, agitation, and hallucinations. The major types of dementia are Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia (VCID), Lewy body dementia (LBD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and mixed dementia (MiAD). Among these, AD is the most common form of dementia in the elderly population. In the last three decades, tremendous progress has been made in understanding AD’s biology and disease progression, particularly its molecular basis, biomarker development, and drug discovery. Multiple cellular changes have been implicated in the progression of AD, including amyloid beta, phosphorylated tau, synaptic damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, deregulated microRNAs, inflammatory changes, hormonal deregulation, and others; based on these changes, therapeutic strategies have been developed, which are currently being tested in animal models and human clinical trials. The purpose of our article is to highlight recent therapeutic strategies’ developments, critically discuss current strategies’ failures, and propose new strategies to combat this devasting mental illness.

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“…No que se refere à imunoterapia, que visa promover a depuração de Aβ e/ou p-tau, alguns pesquisadores acreditam que a imunização ativa com vacinas ou imunização passiva com anticorpos específicos é promissora. Ambas as estratégias apresentam determinadas vantagens: a ativa depende das respostas imunes humorais e celulares, na geração a longo prazo de anticorpos endógenos; já a passiva é considerada mais adequada e eficaz para idosos pacientes cuja resposta às vacinas é reduzida (SONG et al, 2022).…”

Section: Terapêutica Farmacológicaunclassified