Immunotherapy and Prevention of Cancer by Nanovaccines Loaded with Whole‐Cell Components of Tumor Tissues or Cells (Adv. Mater. 43/2021)

Abstract

In article number 2104849, Mi Liu and co-workers demonstrate a simple and universal method to prepare therapeutic and preventive cancer nanovaccines based on tumor tissues/ cells. Such nanovaccines show both potent preventive and potent therapeutic efficacy in lung cancer, melanoma, and breast cancer. This universal method can be applied to make tumor-cell-based nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy and prevention.

Adjuvant physiochemistry and advanced nanotechnology for vaccine development

“…To encapsulate both soluble and insoluble tumor cell lysates with a broad spectrum of potential tumor associated antigens, Liu and colleagues completely dissolved the tumor cell lysates in 8 M urea. 440 PLGA then acted as the delivery vehicle for developing nanotechnology adjuvanted vaccines. For comparison, nanovaccines were formed by encapsulation of the water-soluble or urea-soluble antigens together with adjuvant Poly (I:C) both inside and on the surface of PLGA nanoparticles.…”

Rethinking Antigen Source: Cancer Vaccines Based on Whole Tumor Cell/tissue Lysate or Whole Tumor Cell

“…However, due to the high heterogeneity and complexity of cancer cells, most neoantigens are personalized. [ 19,20 ] To date, very limited shared antigens have been identified in cancers, and most of these shared antigens are insufficient for preparing universal vaccines due to the heterogeneity and complexity of the tumor antigens. [ 21 ] Different methods for preparing cancer vaccines based on neoantigens (mainly peptide‐based neoantigens, mRNA‐based neo‐antigens or DNA‐based neoantigens), either individualized neoantigens or shared neoantigens, have been explored.…”

“…[ 26 ] This limitation includes but is not limited to: 1) the high heterogeneity of neoantigens and the rarity of neoantigens; 2) it is time‐consuming (several months) to prepare neoantigen‐based vaccines; 3) the high heterogeneity and diversity of cancer cells and tumor antigens; 4) the inaccuracies in neoantigen identification; [ 27–29 ] 5) immunogenicity of antigens is not positively correlated with the abundance of neoantigens; 6) the high heterogeneity of different cancer cells; 7) the efficacy is limited due to the difficulties in covering the neoantigens of most cancer cells by using 10−30 neoantigens; 8) the cost could be very high and the process is very complicated. [ 20,27–31 ]…”

Nanoengineered Carbon‐Based Interfaces for Advanced Energy and Photonics Applications: A Recent Progress and Innovations

“…Not surprisingly, much effort has been devoted to the development of material systems with a complex architecture and multicomponent composition, [ 2–6 ] where the existence of specific interfaces (between components within a material system, and between the system and its ambient environment) enhances desirable material characteristics and/or addresses the shortcomings that hinder the use of simpler, single‐component material platforms made of the same bulk materials. Examples of their use in wearable energy harvesting systems, [ 7–9 ] photocatalysis [ 10 ] and chemical catalysis, [ 11–14 ] hydrogen energy, [ 15,16 ] protecting coatings, [ 17 ] biosensors [ 18 ] and sensors, [ 19–22 ] nanomedicine, [ 23–26 ] water purification [ 27,28 ] and splitting, [ 29,30 ] biotechnology, [ 31–35 ] and space exploration [ 36–40 ] abound ( Figure ).…”