Immunotherapy: A Challenge of Breast Cancer Treatment

García-Aranda, Marilina; Redondo, Maximino

doi:10.3390/cancers11121822

Cited by 133 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Research focused on the design of GLUT-transportable chemotherapeutics, which may provide therapeutic selectivity [180]; (9). Characterization of glucose transporters in tumors treated with immunotherapies, to determine if their expression in tumor cells or cells of the tumor environment changes upon treatment, and if their activity is linked to the outcome of therapy [181]; (10). Research focused on overcoming side effects that are expected, especially those occurring in organs such as the brain.…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting Glucose Transporters for Breast Cancer Therapy: The Effect of Natural and Synthetic Compounds

Barbosa

Martel

2020

Cancers

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Reprogramming of cellular energy metabolism is widely accepted to be a cancer hallmark. The deviant energetic metabolism of cancer cells-known as the Warburg effect-consists in much higher rates of glucose uptake and glycolytic oxidation coupled with the production of lactic acid, even in the presence of oxygen. Consequently, cancer cells have higher glucose needs and thus display a higher sensitivity to glucose deprivation-induced death than normal cells. So, inhibitors of glucose uptake are potential therapeutic targets in cancer. Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and a leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Overexpression of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT), mainly GLUT1, in breast cancer cells is firmly established, and the consequences of GLUT inhibition and/or knockout are under investigation. Herein we review the compounds, both of natural and synthetic origin, found to interfere with uptake of glucose by breast cancer cells, and the consequences of interference with that mechanism on breast cancer cell biology. We will also present data where the interaction with GLUT is exploited in order to increase the efficiency or selectivity of anticancer agents, in breast cancer cells.

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Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting Glucose Transporters for Breast Cancer Therapy: The Effect of Natural and Synthetic Compounds

Barbosa

Martel

2020

Cancers

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“…The expression of MICA and MICB can be upregulated by stress stimuli such as heat shock, retinoic acid, or viral infections [ 83 ]. Additionally, the use of tumor hyperthermia as a tool in immunotherapy induced an upregulation of MICA, leading to an increase in the sensitivity of tumor cells to NK cell cytotoxicity [ 84 ]. CD56 + NK cells were investigated in different types of breast tissues, where they were found in breast lobules with fibrocystic changes.…”

Section: Role Of Innate Cells In Breast Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Role of Innate Immune Cells and Identifying Genes in Breast Cancer Microenvironment

Shihab

Khalil

Elemam

et al. 2020

Cancers

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The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens and has a major role in clearing transformed cells, besides its essential role in activating the adaptive immune system. Macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, and granulocytes are part of the innate immune system that accumulate in the tumor microenvironment such as breast cancer. These cells induce inflammation in situ by secreting cytokines and chemokines that promote tumor growth and progression, in addition to orchestrating the activities of other immune cells. In breast cancer microenvironment, innate immune cells are skewed towards immunosuppression that may lead to tumor evasion. However, the mechanisms by which immune cells could interact with breast cancer cells are complex and not fully understood. Therefore, the importance of the mammary tumor microenvironment in the development, growth, and progression of cancer is widely recognized. With the advances of using bioinformatics and analyzing data from gene banks, several genes involved in NK cells of breast cancer individuals have been identified. In this review, we discuss the activities of certain genes involved in the cross-talk among NK cells and breast cancer. Consequently, altering tumor immune microenvironment can make breast tumors more responsive to immunotherapy.

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“…About in 8 women will have invasive breast cancer at some point in their lives in the United States [2]. There are various treatments for breast cancer such as surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy [3,4]. It has been proven that early diagnosis could help to improve the response to treatment and increase the survival rate in patients [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are various treatments for breast cancer such as surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy [3,4]. It has been proven that early diagnosis could help to improve the response to treatment and increase the survival rate in patients [4]. Nevertheless, standard treatment fails in patients with hormone resistant breast cancer in whom the tumor eventually relapses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Inhibitory Effect of Curcumin on Hypoxia Inducer Factors (Hifs) as a Regulatory Factor in the Growth of Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer Stem-Like Cells

et al. 2020

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Hypoxia in the microenvironment is related to chemotherapy resistance, tumor progression, and metastasis. Curcumin, as a phenolic compound extracted from the turmeric, has been used as an anti-cancer agent with low toxicity in recent years. Since curcumin has inhibitory activities against hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in several cancers, this study was conducted to examine the effect of curcumin on MCF-7 cells and cancer stem-like cells (CS-LCs) under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. CS-LCs were isolated from MCF-7 cells using the magnet activated cell sorting (MACS) method based on CD44 +/ CD24 - surface markers. The effects of curcumin on the viability of MCF-7 cells and CS-LCs were examined in hypoxic and normoxic conditions using the MTT test. The effects of curcumin on apoptosis and cell cycle of CS-LCs and MCF-7 cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of curcumin on the levels of HIF-1 and HIF-2α protein in CS-LCs were investigated using the western blot method. Early apoptosis occurred in CSC-LCs more than MCF-7 cells under hypoxic conditions. Flow cytometry assay showed that curcumin caused cell cycle arrest of CSC-LCs and MCF-7 at the G2/M phase under hypoxic conditions while under normoxic conditions, arrest occurred at the G0/G1 phase in MCF-7 cells and at S and G2/M phases in CS-LCs. Based on the results, the curcumin inhibited the expression of HIF-1 by degrading ARNT in CS-LCs.In conclusion, curcumin has inhibitory effects on MCF- 7 cells and CS- LCs and thus may be used as an antitumor agent.

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Immunotherapy: A Challenge of Breast Cancer Treatment

Cited by 133 publications

References 95 publications

Targeting Glucose Transporters for Breast Cancer Therapy: The Effect of Natural and Synthetic Compounds

Targeting Glucose Transporters for Breast Cancer Therapy: The Effect of Natural and Synthetic Compounds

Understanding the Role of Innate Immune Cells and Identifying Genes in Breast Cancer Microenvironment

The Inhibitory Effect of Curcumin on Hypoxia Inducer Factors (Hifs) as a Regulatory Factor in the Growth of Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer Stem-Like Cells

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