Immunotherapies and Combination Strategies for Immuno-Oncology

Barbari, Cody; Fontaine, Tyler; Parajuli, Priyanka; Lamichhane, Narottam; Jakubski, Silvia; Lamichhane, Purushottam; Deshmukh, Rahul

doi:10.3390/ijms21145009

Cited by 65 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 154 publications

(236 reference statements)

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“…Chemoresistance is a major problem for multi-cycle chemotherapy and involves multiple pathways and molecular factors (64,65) which has resulted in the use of immunotherapies and combination treatments (65). NF-ĸB plays a major role in survival signaling and is a promising Figure 6.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitric Oxide Inhibits NF-κB-mediated Survival Signaling: Possible Role in Overcoming TRAIL Resistance

et al. 2020

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitric Oxide Inhibits NF-κB-mediated Survival Signaling: Possible Role in Overcoming TRAIL Resistance

et al. 2020

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“…92 These two ICIs provide complementary effects, albeit at the expense of increased toxicity. 93 , 94 …”

Section: Trials Using Anti-pd-1/l1 and Radiotherapy Combination In Hnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining radiotherapy and immunotherapy in definitive treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: review of current clinical trials

Plavc

Strojan

2020

Radiology and Oncology

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BackgroundHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) presents as locally advanced disease in a majority of patients and is prone to relapse despite aggressive treatment. Since immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have shown clinically significant efficacy in patients with recurrent/metastatic HNSCC (R/M HNSCC), a plethora of trials are investigating their role in earlier stages of disease. At the same time, preclinical data showed the synergistic role of concurrently administered radiotherapy and ICIs (immunoradiotherapy) and explained several mechanisms behind it. Therefore, this approach is prospectively tested in a neoadjuvant, definitive, or adjuvant setting in non-R/M HNSCC patients. Due to the intricate relationship between host, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, each of these approaches has its advantages and disadvantages. In this narrative review we present the biological background of immunoradiotherapy, as well as a rationale for, and possible flaws of, each treatment approach, and provide readers with a critical summary of completed and ongoing trials.ConclusionsWhile immunotherapy with ICIs has already become a standard part of treatment in patients with R/M HNSCC, its efficacy in a non-R/M HNSCC setting is still the subject of extensive clinical testing. Irradiation can overcome some of the cancer’s immune evasive manoeuvres and can lead to a synergistic effect with ICIs, with possible additional benefits of concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy. However, the efficacy of this combination is not robust and details in trial design and treatment delivery seem to be of unprecedented importance.

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“…Immunotherapy enhances the immune system's ability to recognize, target, and eliminate cancer cells in the body, making it a potentially universal cancer solution (17). Immunotherapy, approved as a first-line treatment strategy for multiple cancers in the United States and elsewhere (18), can be used alone or in combination with other cancer treatments (19). Compared with other cancer treatments, immunotherapy has become more precise, personalized, and has fewer side effects (20)(21)(22).…”

Section: Introduction Of Cancer Immunotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Neoantigen: A New Breakthrough in Tumor Immunotherapy

et al. 2021

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Cancer immunotherapy works by stimulating and strengthening the body’s anti-tumor immune response to eliminate cancer cells. Over the past few decades, immunotherapy has shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of cancer, particularly the success of immune checkpoint blockade targeting CTLA-4, PD-1 and PDL1, which has led to a breakthrough in tumor immunotherapy. Tumor neoantigens, a new approach to tumor immunotherapy, include antigens produced by tumor viruses integrated into the genome and antigens produced by mutant proteins, which are abundantly expressed only in tumor cells and have strong immunogenicity and tumor heterogeneity. A growing number of studies have highlighted the relationship between neoantigens and T cells’ recognition of cancer cells. Vaccines developed against neoantigens are now being used in clinical trials in various solid tumors. In this review, we summarized the latest advances in the classification of immunotherapy and the process of classification, identification and synthesis of tumor-specific neoantigens, as well as their role in current cancer immunotherapy. Finally, the application prospects and existing problems of neoantigens were discussed.

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Immunotherapies and Combination Strategies for Immuno-Oncology

Cited by 65 publications

References 154 publications

Nitric Oxide Inhibits NF-κB-mediated Survival Signaling: Possible Role in Overcoming TRAIL Resistance

Nitric Oxide Inhibits NF-κB-mediated Survival Signaling: Possible Role in Overcoming TRAIL Resistance

Combining radiotherapy and immunotherapy in definitive treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: review of current clinical trials

Neoantigen: A New Breakthrough in Tumor Immunotherapy

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