Immunotherapies against human bacterial and fungal infectious diseases: A review

Abstract

Nations’ ongoing struggles with a number of novel and reemerging infectious diseases, including the ongoing global health issue, the SARS-Co-V2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) outbreak, serve as proof that infectious diseases constitute a serious threat to the global public health. Moreover, the fatality rate in humans is rising as a result of the development of severe infectious diseases brought about by multiple drug-tolerant pathogenic microorganisms. The widespread use of traditional antimicrobial drugs, immunosuppressive medications, and other related factors led to the establishment of such drug resistant pathogenic microbial species. To overcome the difficulties commonly encountered by current infectious disease management and control processes, like inadequate effectiveness, toxicities, and the evolution of drug tolerance, new treatment solutions are required. Fortunately, immunotherapies already hold great potential for reducing these restrictions while simultaneously expanding the boundaries of healthcare and medicine, as shown by the latest discoveries and the success of drugs including monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), vaccinations, etc. Immunotherapies comprise methods for treating diseases that specifically target or affect the body’s immune system and such immunological procedures/therapies strengthen the host’s defenses to fight those infections. The immunotherapy-based treatments control the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses, which are effective in treating different pathogenic microbial infections. As a result, diverse immunotherapeutic strategies are being researched more and more as alternative treatments for infectious diseases, leading to substantial improvements in our comprehension of the associations between pathogens and host immune system. In this review we will explore different immunotherapies and their usage for the assistance of a broad spectrum of infectious ailments caused by various human bacterial and fungal pathogenic microbes. We will discuss about the recent developments in the therapeutics against the growing human pathogenic microbial diseases and focus on the present and future of using immunotherapies to overcome these diseases.Graphical AbstractThe graphical abstract shows the therapeutic potential of different types of immunotherapies like vaccines, monoclonal antibodies-based therapies, etc., against different kinds of human Bacterial and Fungal microbial infections.

Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery: Strengths and Opportunities in Medicine

“…Immunotherapy entails the use of substances that boost or stimulate the immune system to fight diseases. This approach has been used in the treatment of infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer [ 139 ]. The immune system is made up of innate and adaptive immunity, both of which are required to fight diseases.…”

Candida albicans and Antifungal Peptides

“…AMPs involved in antimicrobial activity against bacteria and viruses have been widely studied, although therapeutic strategies to control fungal diseases with these molecules have still been limited [ 79 ]. The manipulation of the immune system for the development of vaccines against fungi, activation of the specific immune response directed to fungal agents (in the form of targeted stimulation of phagocytes, T cells, and antibodies), as well as the induction of the innate or adaptative immune response, with the manipulation of the profile of cytokines, constitute a challenge for therapeutic innovation, with data in the literature being less frequent than those found for bacteria and viruses [ 92 , 93 ].…”

“…The literature reports around 887 AFPs with described fungicidal activity against C. albicans . Among the mechanisms of action, the induction of the formation of reactive oxygen species occurs with the histatin-5 (Hst-5) peptide and lactoferrin-derived peptides [ 93 ]. Hst-5 binds Candida spp.…”

The Use of Conjugated Gold Nanorods with Reduced Toxicity in Photothermal Therapy for MRSA

“…Due to immune suppression and frequent exposure to the hospital setting, cancer patients have an increased risk of transmitting to infectious diseases, such as blood circulation. [42][43][44] In clinical applications, infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria are facing urgent situations of drug resistance; therefore, novel drugs that target Gram-positive MDR bacteria are highly anticipated. Gram-positive bacteria possess a thick layer of peptidoglycan, which boronic acid can bind through covalent bonds.…”