Immunosuppressive effects of Ixodes ricinus tick saliva or salivary gland extracts on innate and acquired immune response of BALB/c mice

Mejri, Naceur; Rutti, B.; Brossard, Michel

doi:10.1007/s00436-001-0515-1

Cited by 43 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The number and frequency of tick bites determine the development of acquired resistance and cutaneous reactivity to tick feeding, which is mediated in part by circulating and homocytotropic antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses (5,32,33). Tick feeding has been shown to reduce the ability of the host to develop an antibody response (7,13,31). While it was not possible to document all previous arthropod bites that might have altered the calreticulin antibody status of our subjects, any such effect would have been mitigated by testing each subject following a well-defined tick exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmation of Tick Bite by Detection of Antibody to Ixodes Calreticulin Salivary Protein

Alarcón-Chaidez¹,

Ryan²,

Wikel³

et al. 2006

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Ticks introduce a variety of pharmacologically active molecules into their host during attachment and feeding in order to obtain a blood meal. People who are repeatedly exposed to ticks may develop an immune response to tick salivary proteins. Despite this response, people usually are unaware of having been bitten, especially if they are not repeatedly exposed to ticks. In order to develop a laboratory marker of tick exposure that would be useful in understanding the epidemiology of tick-borne infection and the immune response to tick bite, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibody to a recombinant form of calreticulin protein found in the salivary glands of Ixodes scapularis, a member of a complex of Ixodes ticks that serve as the vectors for Lyme disease, human babesiosis, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Using this assay, we tested sera obtained from C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice before and after experimental deer tick infestation. These mice developed antibody to Ixodes calreticulin antigen after infestation. We then used the same assay to test sera obtained from people before and after they experienced deer tick bite(s). People experiencing deer tick bite(s) developed Ixodes calreticulinspecific antibody responses that persisted for up to 17 months. This Ixodes recombinant calreticulin ELISA provides objective evidence of deer tick exposure in people.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmation of Tick Bite by Detection of Antibody to Ixodes Calreticulin Salivary Protein

Alarcón-Chaidez¹,

Ryan²,

Wikel³

et al. 2006

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…Tick infestation, SGE preparation, and saliva collection Adult I. ricinus ticks were fed by placing them under a plastic capsule glued to shaved skin of New Zealand white rabbits (23). Engorged female ticks were removed after 5 d of blood feeding.…”

Section: Dnase Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Entrap and KillBorrelia burgdorferiSensu Stricto Spirochetes and Are Not Affected byIxodes ricinusTick Saliva

Menten-Dedoyart

Faccinetto

Golovchenko

et al. 2012

The Journal of Immunology

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Lyme disease is caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. They are transmitted mainly by Ixodes ricinus ticks. After a few hours of infestation, neutrophils massively infiltrate the bite site. They can kill Borrelia via phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and hydrolytic enzymes. However, factors in tick saliva promote propagation of the bacteria in the host even in the presence of a large number of neutrophils. The neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) consists in the extrusion of the neutrophil’s own DNA, forming traps that can retain and kill bacteria. The production of reactive oxygen species is apparently associated with the onset of NETs (NETosis). In this article, we describe NET formation at the tick bite site in vivo in mice. We show that Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto spirochetes become trapped and killed by NETs in humans and that the bacteria do not seem to release significant nucleases to evade this process. Saliva from I. ricinus did not affect NET formation by human neutrophils or its stability. However, it greatly decreased neutrophil reactive oxygen species production, suggesting that a strong decrease of hydrogen peroxide does not affect NET formation. Finally, round bodies trapped in NETs were observed, some of them staining as live bacteria. This observation could help contribute to a better understanding of the early steps of Borrelia invasion and erythema migrans formation after tick bite.

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“…Nymphs were held on mice backs with plastic capsules glued on the shaven back with beewax/colophane mixture [28]. Nymphs and adults were placed in soft fabric bags held on rabbit's ears with tape according to Schorderet and Brossard [29].…”

Section: Immunisation and Challenge Infestationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective immunity against Ixodes ricinus induced by a salivary serpin

Prévôt

Couvreur

Denis

et al. 2007

Vaccine

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Iris is a specific elastase inhibitor expressed in the salivary glands of the hard tick Ixodes ricinus. It belongs to the superfamily of serpins and interferes with both haemostasis and the immune response of the host. In this study, we first show that Iris is expressed in nymphs but not in the female midgut nor in males. We also show that Iris is present in the saliva. To examine its potency as anti-tick vaccine candidate, we set up three models of I. ricinus infestation on immunized animals: nymphs on mice, and adults and nymphs on rabbits. We report the rise of neutralizing antibodies following immunization of rabbits and mice. This comes with a significant protective immunity against ticks in rabbits only, resulting in a 30% mortality rate and a diminution of weight gain in both nymphs and adults and a prolongation of blood feeding time in adults. This is the first report on an anti-tick vaccine trial on I. ricinus using a protein able to interact with both host immunity and haemostasis, as a vaccinating antigen.

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Immunosuppressive effects of Ixodes ricinus tick saliva or salivary gland extracts on innate and acquired immune response of BALB/c mice

Cited by 43 publications

References 30 publications

Confirmation of Tick Bite by Detection of Antibody to Ixodes Calreticulin Salivary Protein

Confirmation of Tick Bite by Detection of Antibody to Ixodes Calreticulin Salivary Protein

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Entrap and KillBorrelia burgdorferiSensu Stricto Spirochetes and Are Not Affected byIxodes ricinusTick Saliva

Protective immunity against Ixodes ricinus induced by a salivary serpin

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