Immunosuppression in sheep experimentally infected with Ehrlichia phagocytophila

Larsen, H. J.; Øvernes, Gunnar; Waldeland, Harald; Johansen, G.

doi:10.1016/0034-5288(94)90107-4

Cited by 50 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…On the other hand, the serological and molecular evidence obtained in this study indicates that the infection caused by A. phagocytophilum is prevalent in sheep and cattle from the Black Sea Region of Turkey. This first evidence of the presence of the disease in the region is particularly important because the pathogen could greatly impact animal production and predisposes animals to other bacterial and viral infections (Larsen et al, 1994;Kocan et al, 2004). Furthermore, A. phagocytophilum is also infective for humans, and causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis (Chen et al, 1994;Petrovec et al, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the relative mildness of the clinical disease, the infection is often followed by other complications including abortion in pregnant ewes and cows (Wilson et al, 1964;Jones and Davies, 1995), infertility in rams and bulls (Watson, 1964;Retief et al, 1971). Generally death is rare but it may occur when the infection is complicated by other agents (Overas et al, 1993;Larsen et al, 1994;Kocan et al, 2004). Subclinical infection may persist for up to two years and some of the infected animals may become carriers after clinical recovery (Campbell et al, 1994;.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infection with the organism in animals is known to produce profound effects on the immunological defence system, increasing susceptibility to disease and mortality from concurrent infections with other bacterial or viral pathogens (Overas et al, 1993;Larsen et al, 1994;Kocan et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular and serological evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of farm animals in the Black Sea Region of Turkey

Gokce

Genç

Akça

et al. 2008

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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This study was designed to determine the presence and the prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in sheep and cattle in the Middle and Eastern Black Sea Regions of Turkey in which the potential vector, Ixodes ricinus, is widespread. Blood samples were collected from 720 sheep and 720 cattle from 6 provinces of the region, and used for detecting antibodies to A. phagocytophilum by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and specific nucleic acids by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Blood smears were also prepared and examined microscopically for the presence of A. phagocytophilum-like organisms in polymorphonuclear cells. Of the animals examined, antibodies were detected in 110 (15.27%) cattle and 107 (14.86%) sheep and A. phagocytophilum-like organisms were detected in the blood of 73 (10.13%) cattle and 71 (9.86%) sheep. In addition, specific DNA was detected in the blood of 27 (14.75%) cattle and 22 (12.35%) sheep. The results obtained constitute the first molecular and serological evidence of A. phagocytophilum infection in sheep and cattle in the Black Sea Region of Turkey.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular and serological evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of farm animals in the Black Sea Region of Turkey

Gokce

Genç

Akça

et al. 2008

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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“…The closely related species, E. phagocytophila, is a documented suppressor of host immunity. 30 The phenomena could be explored by manipulating the monkey model, in particular in coinfections with simian immunodeficiency virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simian model of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis.

Foley

Lerche²,

Dumler

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Following intravenous inoculation with horse blood-infected with the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) from a human fatality, two rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) exhibited pyrexia and lethargy on days 4-12 postinfection (PI). Hematology revealed neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia, with ehrlichial morulae in monocytes and neutrophils on days 4-12. Blood was polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive on days 4-12 and bone marrow was PCR-positive on day 11. There was a minor increase in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase on day 12 and serum interferon-␥ levels increased by day 18. Seroconversion occurred on day 20 PI to a titer of 100 by day 22. Western blot bands characteristic of HGE included 25-, 44-, 80-, 94-, 105-, and 125-kD 10 The development of clinical signs appears to be largely host-species dependent. An early attempt to infect non-human primates with Ehrlichia equi was successful based on visualization of ehrlichial inclusions within the cytoplasm of neutrophils.3 However, that study was hampered by the lack of some diagnostic procedures such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing, cytokine assays, and other immunologic assays. Moreover, the investigators did not know at that time that E. equi or its close relative, the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), was capable of producing life-threatening disease in humans. 1 In the present study, we report successful experimental infection of rhesus macaques with the HGE agent from a severely ill human case. This animal model of human disease is important for further studies of HGE diagnosis, management, and pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals and inoculation.Three rhesus macaques were pre-screened for ehrlichiosis by serology and E. equi-specific PCR. Monkey 312 was a 16-year-old reproductively intact female who had been used previously for breeding and a teratogenesis study (zinc deprivation). Monkey 121 was a 17-year-old intact female with a history of use for breeding and anti-progestin drug studies. Monkey 324 was a 14-yearold intact female from the breeding colony. Monkeys 121 and 312 were inoculated intravenously with fresh horse blood containing 2 ϫ 10 6 neutrophils of which 15% contained HGE agent strain BDS inclusions (morulae); monkey 324 was control-inoculated with 2 ϫ 10 6 uninfected horse neutrophils. All monkeys were monitored twice a day for clinical signs of disease, including lethargy, inappetance, and depression. Rectal temperature was assessed at the time of each blood sample collection. Blood samples were collected every two days into tubes containing EDTA for Wright-Giemsa staining and PCR and without anticoagulant for serology and serum chemistry. Bone marrow aspirates were performed on days 3, 11, and 14 postinfection (PI) and submitted for cytology and PCR. On day 21 PI, monkeys 121 and 324 were killed with an intravenous overdose of barbiturate and necropsied. Samples from tissues were either snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen for PCR or fixed overnight in 10% buffered forma...

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“…Ehrlichia phagocytophila (tick-borne fever) is endemic in sheep and cattle in southern Norway where the vector (Ixodes ricinus) is abundant, and heavy losses may occur in lambs (Stuen, 1996a). In sheep, tick-borne fever produces profound effects on the immunological defence system, which increases susceptibility to disease and mortality from intercurrent infections (Larsen et al, 1994). Such secondary infections may cause pyemia or septicemia in lambs (Brodie et al, 1986;Stuen, 1996a).…”

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confidence: 99%

Ehrlichiosis in a Moose Calf in Norway

Jenkins¹,

Handeland

Stuen

et al. 2001

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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A case of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a moose calf (Alces alces) in Norway is described. The animal was heavily infested with ticks (Ixodes ricinus), and died from a Klebsiella pneumoniae septicemia. Examination of blood smears from the calf revealed cytoplasmic inclusions (morulae) typical of infection with Ehrlichia phagocytophila in the granulocytes. Ehrlichia sp. was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in blood from the calf, and in the ticks. Sequence determination identified it as E. phagocytophila. This is the first report of ehrlichiosis in moose.

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Immunosuppression in sheep experimentally infected with Ehrlichia phagocytophila

Cited by 50 publications

References 28 publications

Molecular and serological evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of farm animals in the Black Sea Region of Turkey

Molecular and serological evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of farm animals in the Black Sea Region of Turkey

A simian model of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis.

Ehrlichiosis in a Moose Calf in Norway

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