“…In many cases, the treatment-induced substantial and durable systemic tumour-specific Th1 adaptive immunity is capable of rejecting distant metastases and providing long-lived immunologic memory [ 72 , 73 , 74 , 76 ]. The intratumoral CDN treatment also increased the response rate to T-cell receptor activation by checkpoint-modulating antibodies to CTLA-4, PD-1, 4-1BB, and OX40, resulting in significant increases in median survival time in animal models of melanoma (B16-F10 and YUMM1.7), breast adenocarcinoma (E0771), prostate cancer (TRAMP-C2), head and neck squamous cell cancers (SCCFVII) [ 72 , 73 ], HER-2 + breast tumours [ 76 ], glioblastoma multiforme [ 77 ], glioma [ 70 ], neuroblastoma [ 75 ], and 4T1 breast tumour [ 72 , 74 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 ]. In this regard, a single dose of cGAMP-liposomal nanoparticles (cGAMP-NP) was sufficient to modulate the tumour microenvironment for effective control of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-insensitive basal-like triple-negative breast cancer and melanoma and, more significantly, prevented the formation of secondary tumours in mice [ 82 ].…”