Immunostimulant effect of a mixed herbal extract on infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccinated chickens in the context of a co-infection model of avian influenza virus H9N2 and IBDV

Eladl, Abdelfattah H.; Mosad, Samah M.; El‐Shafei, Reham A.; Saleh, Rasha M.; Ali, Hatem S.; Badawy, Basma; Elshal, Mohamed F.

doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101505

Cited by 35 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The first observation of the disease was made by Cosgrove (1962) in the USA at Gumboro area and was named Gumboro disease. Since that time, the disease has been reported in many countries, including Sudan in 1982 ( Shuaib et al ., 1982 ; Arafat et al , 2017 ; Eladl et al , 2020 ; Mosad et al , 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Laboratory Diagnosis of Severe Infectious Bursal Disease in Vaccinated Chickens in Khartoum, Sudan

Omer¹,

Khalafalla²

2022

Open Vet J

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Background: Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD, Gumboro disease) has become more severe than in early outbreaks in the 1980s. The present research aims to study the epidemiology of IBD in Khartoum state and compare some commonly used laboratory techniques for diagnosis. Method: We collected epidemiological data from 30 farms that showed signs suggestive of IBD, estimated the morbidity and mortality rates, and interviewed the owners about the type and the doses of the used vaccines. We collected bursas of Fabricius for virus assays and histopathology. Samples positive in the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test were inoculated onto chicken embryo fibroblast cell culture and embryonated chicken eggs. Twenty-two-day-old chicks were infected experimentally with three selected isolates, and morbidity and mortality rates were compared. Results: The results showed that 70% of outbreaks occurred between 6 and 8 weeks of age, and the mean mortality rate was 51%. Epidemiologic, clinical, gross, and histopathological findings were characteristic of the severe disease caused by the very virulent IBDvirus (vvIBDV). The farms that used intermediate or the intermediate plus vaccines had lowered mortality compared with the farms that used intermediate vaccines. The AGID was found more sensitive than the counter-immuno-electrophoresis (CIEP) since it detected 83.4% of the IBDV antigen in the samples while the CIEP detected 66.7% of the samples. The reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was found to be rapid, specific, and was more sensitive detecting 100% of the tested samples. Virus isolation in embryonated eggs and cell culture was not successful. Conclusion: A vvIBDV is responsible for the recent outbreaks of the disease in Sudan, resulting in a mean high mortality rate of 51%, even in vaccinated flocks. The RT-PCR and AGID are the best methods for laboratory confirmation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Laboratory Diagnosis of Severe Infectious Bursal Disease in Vaccinated Chickens in Khartoum, Sudan

Omer¹,

Khalafalla²

2022

Open Vet J

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“…According to Eladl et al . [ 5 ], the acute toxicity for each extract (monoextract, diextracts, and triextracts) was determined as LD 50 in ECEs. In a nutshell, 12 (11-day-old) ECEs were inoculated with three doses of 1, 10, and 100 g/mL of each plant extract (monoextract, diextracts, and triextracts)/distilled water, with one group of ECEs serving as the untreated control group.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IBDV is incriminated in the destruction of the bursa of Fabricius, resulting in the lack of B lymphocytes, which is responsible for humoral immunity [ 4 ]. Therefore, immunosuppression and weak immunity make chickens prone to various diseases and vaccination failure [ 5 ]. Immunomodulation is a major concern in poultry farms, and innovative products at reasonable rates that can help improve or avoid such diseases are critical for the poultry industry as well as humans [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of secondary metabolites of herbal plant extracts as an antiviral effect on infectious bursal disease virus isolates in embryonated chicken eggs

2021

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Background and Aim: Infectious bursal disease attacks the poultry industry, mainly young chickens, causing immunosuppression, and death with high economic losses. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the monoextract, diextracts, and triextracts of Quercus infectoria (QI), Citrus aurantifolia (CiA), and Coffea arabica (CoA) on infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs). Materials and Methods: The experimental design consisted of three sets of ECEs at 11 days of age, and each set included seven groups (G1-G7). The extracts of QI, CiA, and CoA were inoculated to ECEs by the chorioallantoic membrane method before, in concomitant (mixed) with, and after IBDV infection to the first, second, and third sets, respectively. The monoextract, diextracts, and triextracts of QI, CiA, and CoA were given at 1%, 2%, 5%, and 10% concentrations to G1-G3, G4-G6, and G7, respectively. Real-time polymerase chain reaction identified and confirmed the virus in accordance with the pathological changes. Results: The monoextract (5-10% concentrations) inhibited IBDV and had no effect on viral infection preinoculation, whereas the monoextract (10% concentration) inhibited IBDV during mixed inoculation and post-inoculation. Diextracts (2-10% concentrations) inhibited IBDV and had no effect on viral infection preinoculation, whereas diextracts (5-10% concentrations) inhibited IBDV during mixed inoculation and post-inoculation. Triextracts (1%, 2%, 5%, and 10% concentrations) inhibited IBDV by ameliorating the pathological changes of the virus and preventing the death of ECEs. Conclusion: The inoculation of herbal extracts, particularly triextracts, alleviates the pathological changes in ECEs infected with IBDV. This study recommends the oral route in evaluating plant extracts against IBDV in poultry.

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“…[ 23 ] investigated the immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera , Tinospora cordifolia , and A. indica in chicks infected with chicken infectious anemia virus, observing that the herbs effectively resisted virus multiplication and pathogenesis. A combination of extracts of Ocimum sanctum , W. somnifera , Emblica officinalis , T. cordifolia , Mangifera indica , and Asphaltum ( shilajit ) was effective against AIV H9N2 and IBDV coinfection by enhancing antibody levels, thereby increasing survival rate and body weight gain, as well as reducing the viral load in the bursa of Fabricius [ 24 ]. More information about herbal plants with antiviral properties is documented in Table-1 .…”

Section: Antiviralmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of herbal medicine works in the avian species

et al. 2021

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Poultry meat consumption is increasing worldwide but the overuse of antimicrobials for prevention and treatment of diseases has increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR), triggering a major public health issue. To restrict AMR emergence, the government supports the optimization of natural products that are safe and easy to obtain with minimal side effects on poultry, humans, and the environment. Various studies have explored the potential of herbs in animal health for their antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and body weight gain properties. Therefore, this study reviewed plants with potential application in avian species by summarizing and discussing the mechanisms and prophylactic/therapeutic potential of these compounds and their plant origin extracts.

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Immunostimulant effect of a mixed herbal extract on infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccinated chickens in the context of a co-infection model of avian influenza virus H9N2 and IBDV

Cited by 35 publications

References 29 publications

Epidemiology and Laboratory Diagnosis of Severe Infectious Bursal Disease in Vaccinated Chickens in Khartoum, Sudan

Epidemiology and Laboratory Diagnosis of Severe Infectious Bursal Disease in Vaccinated Chickens in Khartoum, Sudan

Evaluation of secondary metabolites of herbal plant extracts as an antiviral effect on infectious bursal disease virus isolates in embryonated chicken eggs

Review of herbal medicine works in the avian species

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