2014
DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1119
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Immunostaining Protocol: P-Smad2 (Xenograft and Mice)

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Cited by 3 publications
(3 citation statements)
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“…CAFs can drive tumor progression via cytokine secretion and immune checkpoint expression. For example, we [25] and others [69][70][71] have demonstrated that cytokines released by CAFs, including C-X-C motif chemokine 12, transforming growth factor-, IL-6, and IL-8, induce tumor metastasis and chemoresistance. In addition, CAFs induce immunosuppression by expressing immune checkpoints, including CD73, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), PD-L2, and Fas ligand, which suppress CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in the TME.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…CAFs can drive tumor progression via cytokine secretion and immune checkpoint expression. For example, we [25] and others [69][70][71] have demonstrated that cytokines released by CAFs, including C-X-C motif chemokine 12, transforming growth factor-, IL-6, and IL-8, induce tumor metastasis and chemoresistance. In addition, CAFs induce immunosuppression by expressing immune checkpoints, including CD73, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), PD-L2, and Fas ligand, which suppress CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in the TME.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Identified potential TGF-β inhibitors seem to be safe for the usage in clinic and have been demonstrated to suppress the TGF-β signaling pathway in preclinical studies; however, further studies will be needed to determine clinical efficacy in combination with chemotherapy as well as the underlying mechanism. 8.0 TGF-β as a Therapeutic Target in TNBC TGF-β signaling has been associated with disease progression and negative patient prognosis in a wide number of cancer models including breast, colon and small cell lung cancers [137][138][139]. To highlight the clinical importance of TGF-β dysregulation; using the cbioportal clinical database in our own analysis we assessed the impact of genomic TGF-β alterations (Alterations defined as TGF-β genomic mutations, structural variants and copy number variations; see methods for specific genes assessed) in relation with overall patient survival across 32 TCGA, PanCancer Atlas datasets which 10,610 patients [140,141].…”
Section: Tgf-β Inhibition To Prevent Cardiomyopathymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In CRC patients, the secretion of IL (Interleukin)-11 from CAF, stimulated by TGF(Transforming growth factor)-β, triggers GP130/STAT3(signal-transducing β-receptor/ transcription factor) signaling. This molecular crosstalk confers a survival advantage to metastatic cells [11]. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), stromal cells have been shown to play an important role in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%