Immunopsychiatry: an update on autoimmune encephalitis for neuropsychiatrists

Marques, Frederico Moraes Cardoso; Nardi, Antônio Egídio; Teixeira, Antônio Lúcio; Caixeta, Leonardo

doi:10.1080/14737175.2022.2038136

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 111 publications

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“…A recent prospective study attempting to characterize post-acute cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms of ANMDARE patients describe that they ‘resembled those of stabilized schizophrenia’, though with gradual improvements over time [23 ▪▪ ]. Reviews of the subject are now available geared specifically for neuropsychiatric providers and paediatric clinicians [24,25 ▪ ,26 ▪ ].…”

Section: Autoimmune Encephalitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroinflammatory syndromes in children

Hauptman

Ferrafiat

2023

Current Opinion in Psychiatry

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Purpose of reviewNeuropsychiatric symptoms due to paediatric neuroinflammatory diseases are increasingly recognized and reported. Psychiatrists are crucial in front-lines identification, diagnosis and care of individuals with disorders such as autoimmune encephalitis and management of long-term neurobehavioral sequelae. This review summarizes recent literature on autoimmune and post-infectious encephalitis, discusses special considerations in children with neurodevelopmental conditions and presents a paradigm for evaluation and management. Recent findingsThere is a growing body of evidence on neuropsychiatric symptom burdens of paediatric neuroinflammatory diseases. A particular development is the evolution of diagnostic and treatment guidelines for conditions such as autoimmune encephalitis, which take into account phenotypes of acute, short-term and long-term sequelae. Interest in inflammatory sequelae of viral illness, such as SARS-CoV-2, in children remains in early development. SummaryNeuroimmunological disease data are constantly evolving. New recommendations exist for multiple common neuroimmunological disorders with behavioural, emotional, cognitive and neurological sequelae. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis now has well-recognized patterns of symptom semiology, diagnostic and treatment recommendations, and outcome patterns. Recognizing psychiatric symptoms heralding autoimmune brain disease and understanding neuropsychiatric sequelae are now a crucial skill set for paediatric psychiatrists. Exploration of inflammatory features of other diseases, such as genetic syndromes, is a burgeoning research area.

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Section: Autoimmune Encephalitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroinflammatory syndromes in children

Hauptman

Ferrafiat

2023

Current Opinion in Psychiatry

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Autoimmune encephalitis: psychiatric aspects

Khannanova,

Brylev,

Prusova

et al. 2024

Z. nevrol. psikhiatr. im. S.S. Korsakova

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Anti-CASPR2 encephilitis patients present with depression as the first diagnostic feature

Qin,

He,

Zhong

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background and Purpose Although depression has been reported in patients with anti-contact protein-associated protein-2 (CASPR2) encephalitis, it rarely occurs as the first diagnostic feature in these patients, and it can be easily missed or misdiagnosed as a psychiatric disorder. This study evaluated the clinical features and pathogenesis of depression in patients with anti-CASPR2 encephalitis.Methods This was a prospective study in which patients with anti-CASPR2 encephalitis and co-current depression were recruited. Between 2020 and 2022, demographic data, clinical manifestations, Self-rating Depression scale (SDS), Self-rating Anxiety Scale(SAS), and antibody levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of 6 patients with depression as the first manifestation were collected and analyzed.Results A total of 23 anti-CASPR2 encephalitis patients with depression and six patients (five females) with anti-CASPR2 encephalitis and depression as the first presentation were recruited in the present study. All patients showed subacute onset and were misdiagnosed with psychiatric disorders, with depression as the first symptom, accompanied by anxiety and cognitive impairment, and autonomic dysfunction. Good response to immunotherapy. After a follow-up for 6 months, all symptoms were significantly alleviated, and the anti-CASPR2 antibodies were negative.Conclusion Depression, as the first manifestation of anti-CASPR2 encephalitis, is more common in middle-aged and older women. The most common subtypes of depression are anxiety-distress, often accompanied by cognitive and autonomic disorders. A single serum antibody may improve the diagnosis of patients. Therefore, immunotherapy is an effective treatment modality. Immune activation is potentially the pathogenesis of depressive disorders in patients with anti-CASPR2 encephalitis.

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Immunopsychiatry: an update on autoimmune encephalitis for neuropsychiatrists

Cited by 3 publications

References 111 publications

Neuroinflammatory syndromes in children

Neuroinflammatory syndromes in children

Autoimmune encephalitis: psychiatric aspects

Anti-CASPR2 encephilitis patients present with depression as the first diagnostic feature

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