Immunoprophylaxis against important virus diseases of horses, farm animals and birds

Abstract

Since the refinement of tissue culture techniques for virus isolation and propagation from the mid 1960s onwards, veterinary virology has received much academic and industrial interest, and has now become a major global industry largely centred on vaccine development against economically important virus diseases of food animals. Bio-tech approaches have been widely used for improved vaccines development. While many viral diseases are controlled through vaccination, many still lack safe and efficacious vaccines. Additional challenges faced by academia, industry and governments are likely to come from viruses jumping species and also from the emergence of virulent variants of established viruses due to natural mutations. Also viral ecology is changing as the respective vectors adapt to new habitats as has been shown in the recent incursion by bluetongue virus into Europe. In this paper the current vaccines for livestock, horses and birds are described in a species by species order. The new promising bio-tech approaches using reverse genetics, non-replicating viral vectors, alpha virus vectors and genetic vaccines in conjunction with better adjuvants and better ways of vaccine delivery are discussed as well

Assessment of local reaction to vaccines in live piglets with magnetic resonance imaging compared to histopathology

“…These are mostly small and transient in the case of live viral vaccines but are often more pronounced in case of inactivated vaccines owing to the use of adjuvants. Adjuvant-induced local inflammatory reactions at the injection site are common but vary in extent depending on adjuvant type (Day, 2006;Patel and Heldens, 2009;Spickler and Roth, 2003).…”

Important mammalian veterinary viral immunodiseases and their control

“…This aside, BVDV is an important bovine pathogen primarily due to the reproductive loss to the cattle industry and hence there is much interest and the need for vaccines against BVDV diseases, particularly prevention of transplacental infection. Vaccines are available and work is ongoing towards better vaccines, a subject recently reviewed by us [231,232].…”

Regulation of Agricultural Biotechnology: The United States and Canada

“…Containment remains an issue, but biocon fi nement of microorganisms is possible genetically and physically (NRC 2004 ) . For animals, bio-engineered vaccines show great promise through using reverse genetics, non-replicating viral vectors, cytoplasmic replicating viruses (alpha viruses; positive stranded RNA viruses) and genetic vaccines, as well as bene fi ting from improved adjuvants and delivery systems (Patel and Heldens 2009 ) . When these questions have been dealt with experimentally and data provided for risk assessment, many candidate microbes may or may not be considered suitable for use.…”