Immunopathology of the Respiratory System

Greeley, Melanie A.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47385-7_8

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…Next, the average Respiratory Immune Index in the Covid-19 patients (5.549) was signi cantly lower than this average in the control group (6.742). The respiratory tract has several mechanisms, including the mucosal barrier, innate immunity, and acquired immunity, to protect against pathogens [59]. However, by attacking this system, the coronavirus causes diseases such as pneumonia and lymphopenia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association of gene expressions of MAP3K7, NF2, STK3 and STK4 therewith Quantum Resonance Magnetic Analyzer (QRMA) in COVID-19 patients

Abdolyousefi,

Kahkesh,

Saadi

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Objectives COVID-19 is initiated by coronavirus infections and it can principally damage the cell’s function of the lung. Assessment of some important genes may capability more operational administration in patients. Therefore, in the recent study, we investigated mRNA and protein expression of MAP3K7, NF2, STK3 and STK4 in virus-infected patients compared with the control group. In addition, we used Quantum Resonance Magnetic Analyzer (QRMA) in order to analyze blood lipids, basic physical quality, lung function and immune system which are divided into twenty-five different variables in patients compared to healthy individuals. Materials and Methods The statistical population was divided into two different groups: patients and healthy individuals. The Expression of the mRNA level of objective genes was assessed with the SYBR Green Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction method. The protein level expression of target genes was calculated by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. Furthermore, in this study, we use QRMA to analyze some quantities such as blood lipids, basic physical quality, lung function and immune system in patients compared to healthy individuals. Statistical analyses were accomplished with SPSS software (version, 18) and Graph-Pad Prism software (Graph-Pad Prism, version 8.0.1). Results The mRNA and protein expressions level of NF2, MAP3K7, STK3 and STK4 genes in the group of patients decreased significantly compared to healthy individuals. The evaluation of blood lipids, basic physical quality, lung function and immune system in the study by QRMA showed that the Arterial oxygen content Paco2, low-density lipoprotein-C, tonsil immune index and immunoglobulin index were significantly higher in patients group compared to healthy individuals. In contrast, the amount of High-density lipoprotein-C, bone marrow index, respiratory immune index and gastrointestinal immune index were significantly lower in patients group compared to healthy individuals. Conclusions Compared to healthy individuals, the amount of mRNA and protein expressed by NF2, MAP3K7, STK3 and STK4 genes was reduced in COVID-19 patients. In truth, these genes have some critical function in some cellular and sub-cellular pathways. Accordingly, when the expression of genes decreased maybe it can increase the influence of coronavirus. Various mechanisms are involved in COVID-19, the increasing of the amount of the arterial oxygen content Paco2, low-density lipoprotein-C, tonsil immune index, immunoglobulin index and decreasing the amount of the High-density lipoprotein-C, bone marrow index, respiratory immune index and gastrointestinal immune index in COVID-19 patients, can be involved in the effects of coronavirus. Therefore, a deep perception of the relationship between these objective genes and QRMA therewith pathogenesis of COVID-19 infections in a larger population with longer supplements is required.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association of gene expressions of MAP3K7, NF2, STK3 and STK4 therewith Quantum Resonance Magnetic Analyzer (QRMA) in COVID-19 patients

Abdolyousefi,

Kahkesh,

Saadi

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…In general, cell cocultures are only sparsely used in bacterial pneumonia research, and most models still focus on monocultures of epithelial cells. However, other cell types including immunity-related cells and fibroblasts play a crucial role in bacterial lung injury processes (Greeley 2017 ). Moreover, cross-talk with endothelial cells is also important for epithelial cell differentiation (Burkhanova et al 2022 ).…”

Section: Cell Selection For Pneumonia Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro modelling of bacterial pneumonia: a comparative analysis of widely applied complex cell culture models

Mahieu,

Van Moll,

De Vooght

et al. 2024

FEMS Microbiology Reviews

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Bacterial pneumonia greatly contributes to the disease burden and mortality of lower respiratory tract infections among all age groups and risk profiles. Therefore, laboratory modelling of bacterial pneumonia remains important for elucidating the complex host-pathogen interactions and to determine drug efficacy and toxicity. In vitro cell culture enables for the creation of high-throughput, specific disease models in a tightly controlled environment. Advanced human cell culture models specifically, can bridge the research gap between the classical two-dimensional cell models and animal models. This review provides an overview of the current status of the development of complex cellular in vitro models to study bacterial pneumonia infections, with a focus on air-liquid interface models, spheroid, organoid, and lung-on-a-chip models. For the wide scale, comparative literature search, we selected six clinically highly relevant bacteria (P. aeruginosa, M. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. tuberculosis, S. pneumoniae, and S. aureus). We reviewed the cell lines that are commonly used, as well as trends and discrepancies in the methodology, ranging from cell infection parameters to assay read-outs. We also highlighted the importance of model validation and data transparency in guiding the research field towards more complex infection models.

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“…Ciliated cells are found in abundance in the respiratory epithelium, and as the size of the airways in the lungs decreases, the proportion of ciliated cells decreases with increasing cilia height [ 64 ]. The mucus of the respiratory tract is a viscoelastic gel made up of mucins (high molecular weight glycoproteins) [ 65 ], water, ions, proteins, and lipids [ 66 ]. They form a dense protective mucosal blanket that traps inhaled pathogens and particulates [ 35 ].…”

Section: The Immune System Of the Respiratory Tractmentioning

confidence: 99%