Immunopathologic mechanisms of dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome

Timing of CD8+ T Cell Responses in Relation to Commencement of Capillary Leakage in Children with Dengue

“…In particular, the rapid mobilization of memory serotype cross-reactive memory T cells that release vasodilatory inflammatory molecules has been suggested to be important in secondary infection (16,17). Consistent with this, circulating plasma levels of soluble CD8 and T cell-derived molecules, such as IFN-g and sIL-2R, are higher in DHF patients than dengue fever (DF) patients at the time of defervescence, albeit not corrected for the hemoconcentration present in DHF patients (18).…”

Replication of dengue virus type 2 in human monocyte-derived macrophages: comparisons of isolates and recombinant viruses with substitutions at amino acid 390 in the envelope glycoprotein.

“…An expanded model of dengue immunopathogenesis includes both antibody-dependent enhancement and activation of cross-reactive T lymphocytes, leading to elevated levels of cytokines and other mediators of vascular permeability as important contributors to the disease process. 4,15,16 Initially, dengue virus type 2 (DEN-2) was believed to be the predominant serotype associated with secondary infections and DHF/DSS. However, other serotypes have also been implicated.…”

Identification of a Putative Coreceptor on Vero Cells That Participates in Dengue 4 Virus Infection

“…Dengue virus, a mosquito-borne member of the Flaviviridae family, causes a serious febrile illness in humans known as dengue fever and its associated complications: dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) (6,22). Dengue fever affects over 100 million people worldwide, and there are still no vaccines or antiviral agents available (12,29).…”