Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: Insights into Immunology from Smallpox to Monkeypox (Mpox)

Brown, Brent

doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0673.v1

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 161 publications

(205 reference statements)

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“…Cancer pathologies can respond to type II IFN cell synthesis, whilst viral evolution may affect type I/II/III IFN homeostatic immune cell function. This aspect during viral epidemics/pandemics is considered, evidenced with Dengue Fever virus (DENV), Ebola virus (EBOV), and recently Monkeypox virus (MPXV) [2,3]. It is plausible that regulation of IFN is modulated and affects early therapeutic and/or clinical disease onset-delaying effects during viral evoked diseases like Influenza A virus (IAV), Measles virus (MeV), as well as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV); however, this can be affected by other bacterial infections such as lower respiratory tract bacterial infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as oncological diseases, like hepatic melanoma [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other reviews ascertain regulatory IFN proteins affected by viral proteins (VP), synthesised by Coronaviridae (e.g., SARS-CoV-2) as well as Flaviviridae (e.g., DENV, Yellow Fever) [5]. Individual VP mutations affect other cytosolic PRRs proteins (e.g., retinoic acid-inducible gene I, RIG-I/ mitochondrial anti-viral signalling protein (MAVS) pathways in at least two other virus families (Filoviridae/Nairovidiae) [2,3,5]. Viral mutations occur in both DNA/RNA viruses, like the positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus (+ssRNA) Influenza A (Alphainfluenzavirus).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: From Two Branches of Immune Response to Three Types of Interferon Response

Brown,

Imarogbe,

Fricke

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Interferons were the original prototype cytokine system discovered in 20th-century research. As the name implies, they were originally thought to be synthesised and secreted between cells. Thanks to technological advances, the processes involved in protein secretion can be explained comparatively more clearly at both the genetic and biochemical levels. The discovery of interferon (IFN) occurred when genetic research was still in its infancy. Franklin and Wilkins discovered the structure and function of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at the same time as Crick and Watson; however, Isaacs and Lindemann, two scientists, described the first IFN in 1957. Mutations can be caused by inherent genetic protein synthesis and during infection as well as within IFN regulation pathways affecting cell proliferation. This remains central to host cell IFN synthesis and effects through IFN protein receptor subunits defined by 6 protein domains. Type II IFN is key to immune cell function secreted by a variety of immune cells, mainly natural killer (NK) as well as T cells. Single–stranded and/or double–stranded RNA/DNA viruses, as well as bacterial infections (e.g., Escherichia coli) and fungal infections (e.g., Aspergillus), also affect IFN regulation. Pathogenic proteins utilise intra/extracellular proteins that sense foreign antigens like Toll–like Receptors (TLRs), affected by mutations within the human cellular IFN transduction pathways. Since the discovery of the third IFN type in 2003, when immune cell phenotypes were further characterised, questions remain about the immunological mechanisms contributing to the regulation of the innate and adaptive host immune system. Alterations in the synthesis of type I/II/III host IFNs can differentially and beneficially alter homeostatic cellular pathways in pathological disease, with type I IFN being synthesised in cancer as well as by homeostatic cells. Therefore, considered here are the overall IFN molecular, cell regulatory mechanisms in the context of immune cell research developments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: From Two Branches of Immune Response to Three Types of Interferon Response

Brown,

Imarogbe,

Fricke

et al. 2023

Preprint

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[Short Communication] Immunology of a Morbillivirus: Measles 1954 to Current

Brown

2023

Preprint

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Measles is a virus, abbreviated to MeV, thought to have existed around 4000 years ago that has long been known to be causal in infant disease affecting mortality and remaining a public health issue. The causal virion is defined biologically within the Family _Paraxmyxoviridae_, Genus _Morbillivirus_ and Species _MeaslesMorbillivirus. _Similar to other infections, MeV is an airborne infection with the virion particle composed of a negative (-ve) sense single–stranded (ss) ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome code, around 15-16kb in size, encoding for eight predominant proteins. The first isolation of MeV occurred in 1954 of MeV known as the “Edmonston strain” from David Edmonston, a student at Fay School in Boston. The lack of antigenic variation by the MeV particle is suggestive that the third pathogen with the potential to be eradicated requires further research. In 1954 knowledge of the immune system had only just started emerging. Just prior, in 1948, a pioneer Mark Adams examined how 7 bacterial viruses could be inactivated through gas/liquid exchange through bubbling nitrogen over _Escherichia coli. _This occurs through barriers known as the glycocalyx and endothelial surface layer (GC-ESL) together with immunological cell phenotypes that can restrict viral replication through respiratory epithelial and endothelial cell layers affected by MeV. Other proteins like cytokines, chemokines as well as adhesion molecules and receptors direct immune cell systems. Therefore it was then observed that a preventative chemical could inactivate pathogenic infection. Here is a discussion of contextual MeV immunological characteristics during infection. Potential explanations to elucidate this further with regards to past, present, and future research are considered. This outline will provide key insights and be useful to researchers, clinicians and academics in the future.

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[Short Communication] Immunology of a Morbillivirus: Measles 1954 to 2023

Brown

2023

Preprint

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Measles is a virus, abbreviated to MeV, thought to have existed around 4000 years ago affecting predominantly infants but also immunocompromised individuals and others remaining a public health issue. The causal virion is defined biologically within the Family _Paramyxoviridae_, Genus _Morbillivirus_ and Species _MeaslesMorbillivirus. _Similar to other infections, MeV is an airborne infection with the virion composed of an RNA genome code encoding for eight predominant proteins. The first isolation of MeV occurred in 1954 known as the “Edmonston strain” from David Edmonston, a student at Fay School in Boston. The lack of antigenic variation by the MeV particle discovered since is suggestive that the third pathogen with the potential to be eradicated requires further research. In 1954 knowledge of the immune system had only just started emerging. Immune cells traverse barriers known as the glycocalyx and endothelial surface layer (GC-ESL) requiring stimulation to restrict viral replication through antigenic challenge in the respiratory epithelial and endothelial cell layers. Immune cells have different phenotypes and regulate infection through inhibitory and stimulatory proteins like cytokines, and chemokines as well as adhesion molecules and receptors transversing permeable organ tissues from the lymphoid system. Here is a discussion of contextual MeV innate and adaptive immune responses to infection or immunisation. Potential explanations to elucidate this further with regard to past, present, and future research are considered. This outline will provide key insights and be useful to researchers, clinicians and academics in the future.

show abstract

Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: Insights into Immunology from Smallpox to Monkeypox (Mpox)

Cited by 4 publications

References 161 publications

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: From Two Branches of Immune Response to Three Types of Interferon Response

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: From Two Branches of Immune Response to Three Types of Interferon Response

[Short Communication] Immunology of a Morbillivirus: Measles 1954 to Current

[Short Communication] Immunology of a Morbillivirus: Measles 1954 to 2023

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