Immunomodulatory Role of Interferons in Viral and Bacterial Infections

Mertowska, Paulina; Smolak, Konrad; Mertowski, Sebastian; Grywalska, Ewelina

doi:10.3390/ijms241210115

Cited by 28 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 267 publications

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“…Although progress has been made in the field of chronic HBV/HDV coinfection treatment, pegylated interferon alpha 2a remains an option [ 2 , 4 ]. Its association with other medications could be the key to controlling the infection or even resolving it in our patient, at least until other more potent and efficient drugs are available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until recently, pegylated interferon alpha (PEG-INF-alfa) was the only available drug that showed a degree of efficacy in the treatment of this form of hepatitis, but this degree was low, and the side effects were not negligible [ 3 ]. Interferons are proteins naturally produced by the human immune system when stimulated by diverse aggressions, especially by viruses and bacteria but also parasites or tumour cells [ 4 ]. Interferons have proven antiviral activity against many viruses, including HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV); they have direct antiviral activity but also play an immunomodulatory role [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Results of Response-Guided Therapy with Pegylated Interferon Alpha 2a in Chronic Hepatitis B and D

Gherlan,

Lazar,

Culinescu

et al. 2024

TropicalMed

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Pegylated interferon alpha 2a continues to be used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis D. The reported on-treatment virologic response varies between 17 and 47%, with relapses in more than 50% of these patients. No stopping rules have been defined, and the duration of the treatment is not clearly established, but it should be between 48 and 96 weeks. In total, 76 patients with compensated liver disease treated with peg-interferon according to the Romanian National protocol for the treatment of hepatitis D were retrospectively included. The duration of treatment was up to 96 weeks, with the following stopping rules: less than a 2 log HDV RNA decrease by week 24 and less than a 1 log decrease every 6 months afterwards. Six months after stopping the treatment, it can be restarted for unlimited cycles. The inclusion criteria were aged above 18, HBs Ag-positive, HDV RNA detectable, ALT above ULN and/or liver fibrosis at least F1 at liver biopsy, or Fibrotest and/or Fibroscan higher than 7 KPa and/or inflammation at least A1 at liver biopsy or Fibrotest. We monitored our patients for a total period of 4 years (including those that repeated the cycle). After the first 6 months of treatment, 27 patients (35.5%) had a greater than 2 log HDV RNA decrease, 19 of them achieving undetectable HDV RNA. Seventeen patients (22.3%) had undetectable HDV RNA 24 weeks after stopping 96 weeks of treatment, and none relapsed in the following 2 years. Of these 17 patients, 6 were cirrhotic, and 4 had F3. Undetectable HDV RNA at 24 weeks was the only parameter that predicted a long-term suppression of HDV RNA. In 49 patients, the treatment was stopped after 6 months according to protocol, but it was restarted 6 months later. Five of these patients finished a 48-week course of treatment; none achieved undetectable HDV RNA. During the first course of therapy, 45 patients had at least one moderate adverse reaction to treatment. In one patient, the treatment was stopped due to a serious adverse event (osteomyelitis). Treatment doses had to be reduced in 29 patients. The virologic response at week 24 can select the patients who will benefit from continuing the treatment from those who should be changed to another type of medication when available.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Results of Response-Guided Therapy with Pegylated Interferon Alpha 2a in Chronic Hepatitis B and D

Gherlan,

Lazar,

Culinescu

et al. 2024

TropicalMed

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“…IFNs, as suggested by their name, were initially discovered for their remarkable ability to interfere with and counteract viral infections in the 1950s ( 11 ). The production of IFNs is triggered by a wide array of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) ( 12 ). Once IFNs are produced, they initiate an intrinsic antiviral state within the cells that detect them, characterized by the activation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which are instrumental in antiviral defense ( 13 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of interferons in the antiviral battle: from virus-host crosstalk to prophylactic and therapeutic potential in SARS-CoV-2 infection

Mihaescu,

Chifiriuc,

Filip

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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Mammalians sense antigenic messages from infectious agents that penetrate the respiratory and digestive epithelium, as well as signals from damaged host cells through membrane and cytosolic receptors. The transduction of these signals triggers a personalized response, depending on the nature of the stimulus and the host’s genetics, physiological condition, and comorbidities. Interferons (IFNs) are the primary effectors of the innate immune response, and their synthesis is activated in most cells within a few hours after pathogen invasion. IFNs are primarily synthesized in infected cells, but their anti-infective effect is extended to the neighboring cells by autocrine and paracrine action. The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemic in 2019 was a stark reminder of the potential threat posed by newly emerging viruses. This pandemic has also triggered an overwhelming influx of research studies aiming to unveil the mechanisms of protective versus pathogenic host immune responses induced by SARS‐CoV‐2. The purpose of this review is to describe the role of IFNs as vital players in the battle against SARS‐CoV-2 infection. We will briefly characterize and classify IFNs, present the inductors of IFN synthesis, their sensors, and signaling pathways, and then discuss the role of IFNs in controlling the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its clinical outcome. Finally, we will present the perspectives and controversies regarding the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of IFNs in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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“…IFNs are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in the immune system’s response to viral infections and to other pathogens. 1 , 2 , 3 There are three types of IFN: type I, type II, and type III. The three IFN types bind to three different specific receptors in mammals and use JAK-STAT as the main signal transduction pathway.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrophages treated with interferons induce different responses in lymphocytes via extracellular vesicles

Giannessi,

Percario,

Lombardi

et al. 2024

iScience

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Immunomodulatory Role of Interferons in Viral and Bacterial Infections

Cited by 28 publications

References 267 publications

Results of Response-Guided Therapy with Pegylated Interferon Alpha 2a in Chronic Hepatitis B and D

Results of Response-Guided Therapy with Pegylated Interferon Alpha 2a in Chronic Hepatitis B and D

Role of interferons in the antiviral battle: from virus-host crosstalk to prophylactic and therapeutic potential in SARS-CoV-2 infection

Macrophages treated with interferons induce different responses in lymphocytes via extracellular vesicles

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