Immunomodulatory Effects of Glutathione, Garlic Derivatives, and Hydrogen Sulfide

Rodrigues, Camila; Percival, Susan S.

doi:10.3390/nu11020295

Cited by 73 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 149 publications

(170 reference statements)

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“…H 2 S appears to play an important role in the modulation of the immune response by regulating the post-translational modification of the NF-kB pathway. However, depending on the model and the concentration used, H 2 S functions as an activator and an inhibitor towards this pathway [100]. H 2 S donors also inhibit macrophage pro-inflammatory cytokine production, as well as cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide production, and decrease macrophage motility.…”

Section: Sulfur Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut-Derived Metabolites and Their Role in Immune Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease

Glorieux

Gryp

Perna

2020

Toxins

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Several of the uremic toxins, which are difficult to remove by dialysis, originate from the gut bacterial metabolism. This opens opportunities for novel targets trying to decrease circulating levels of these toxins and their pathophysiological effects. The current review focuses on immunomodulatory effects of these toxins both at their side of origin and in the circulation. In the gut end products of the bacterial metabolism such as p-cresol, trimethylamine and H2S affect the intestinal barrier structure and function while in the circulation the related uremic toxins stimulate cells of the immune system. Both conditions contribute to the pro-inflammatory status of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Generation and/or absorption of these toxin precursors could be targeted to decrease plasma levels of their respective uremic toxins and to reduce micro-inflammation in CKD.

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Section: Sulfur Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut-Derived Metabolites and Their Role in Immune Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease

Glorieux

Gryp

Perna

2020

Toxins

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“…TOMM20 exhibited a growth from N>P&P>M in the first dataset while in the second dataset there is a total rise from N>M. Except for CBS expression, Our results for H2S producers CSE1L, TOM20 and H2S scavengers (ETHE1, SQOR) are in favor of cancer progression and suggest that sulfide molecule is produced in high concentration in CRC samples [43]. CRC cell lines treated with PAG (CSE inhibitor) and AOA (CBS inhibitor) lose viability around 60% so that these inhibitors were proposed by some researchers as a solution for inhibition of cancer progression [39,44]. CRC cells treated with NaHS experience a rise in proliferation which is carried out through AKT and ERK phosphorylation and inhibition of tumor suppressor P21 expression [45].…”

Section: Furthermore H2o2 Bolsters the Invasive Behaviors Of Cancer mentioning

confidence: 75%

Gene Expression Signature and Molecular Mechanism of Redox Homeostasis in Colorectal Cancer

Piran

Darayee

Piran

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Cellular redox homeostasis is the important tool for normal cell function and survival. Oxidants, reductants and antioxidants are the players to maintain cellular homeostasis balance. However, in some conditions like cancer, the concentration and activation of these players are disturbed.This study walks you through the molecular mechanism of redox homeostasis to describe how expression level of these players would help colorectal cancer (CRC) cells continue proliferation and survive in the hypoxic environment of tumor. We proposed that O2concentration is not detrimentally high in CRC cells since expression level of MnSOD didn't change noticeably. We also suggested that High proliferative CRC cells obtain their energy by oxidation of H2S in or Electron transport chain (ETC) and keep the adequate concentration of H2S by diminishing the expression level of enzymes involved in sulfide oxidation pathway. Reduction in hydrogen sulfide oxidation results in a decrease in the level of GSH. Glutathione peroxidase enzyme requires GSH to convert H2O2 into oxygen and water. Therefore, Level of hydrogen peroxide stays high which leads to an increase in cell proliferation. Furthermore, we analyzed the expression level of transcription factors sensitive to redox messengers. to cell proliferation while a severe increment and long-lasting in the concentration of these molecules causes cell death. As a result, if redox homeostasis is disturbed, oxidative stress contributes to aberrant cell growth/death and disease [2]. This happens by changes in cells environment and impaired antioxidants generation which modulate the concentration of oxidants [5]. ROS includes radical species such as superoxide (O2 -), hydroxyl radical ( . OH) and non-radical species like Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). RNS involves nitric oxide (NO) and Peroxynitrite (ONOO -) [2, 6]. Moreover, there are two types of antioxidants, enzymatic and non-enzymatic (small molecules). SODs (Superoxide dismutase), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Catalase are examples of enzymatic antioxidants but Glutathione (GSH), Thioredoxin (Tnx) and Peroxiredoxin (Prx) are examples of small molecule antioxidants. One of the primary ROS molecules is O2made in the ETC by transferring electrons from complex one and Three to a dioxygen molecule or by NAD(P)H oxidases (NOX) activation [7-10]. Superoxide is then converted into hydrogen peroxide using Superoxide dismutase enzymes [9]. Among the three kinds of SODs, SOD1 (CuZnSOD) is present in the cytoplasm, mitochondrial inter-membrane space, nucleus, and lysosomes while SOD2 (MnSOD) and SOD3 (Ec-SOD) are present in Mitochondria and Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM) respectively [2]. Next, H2O2 is turned into water and oxygen molecules by GPx enzyme which oxidizes reduced Glutathione (GSH) into oxidized glutathione (GSSG) [11]. GSSG is converted into GSH by Glutathione reductase (GR/GSR) and in the meantime, an NADPH is turned into NADP + . GSH can enter the oxidation cycle again and NADP + enters the glycolysis to be reduced into NADPH [12]. In the p...

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“…Aged garlic extract (Rodrigues and Percival, 2019) Chemical Burns, treat a plantar wart Allyl disulfide, diallyl disulfide, allicin Garlic paste, crushing garlic (Schimmel et al, 2019) Modern science has identified that garlic contains several health-promoting compounds with therapeutic effects in the area of heart disease and cancer. Recent work points to the existence in garlic of many substances, many of which are organosulfur compounds and bioactive properties (García and Sánchez-Muniz, 2000;Martins et al, 2016) (Table 2).…”

Section: Sulfurmentioning

confidence: 99%

Garlic (Allium sativum L) and Its beneficial properties for health: A Review

Espinoza¹,

Valencia²,

Albarrán³

et al. 2020

Agroind. sci.

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Generally, chefs use garlic as an ingredient that enhances the sensory qualities of foods. However, recent studies have shown that garlic contains Sulphur compounds, which provide a health benefit. This review identifies and describes those constituents in garlic responsible for their anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and in some cases anti-cancer properties. Also, this review reports the chemical and nutritional contents of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and shows its health benefits for humans. A large variability and diversity in the nutritional content of garlic was found in the literature, including functional properties (antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, and immunological), and many health benefit components, such as antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, antiatherogenic, anticarcinogenic, antitumor, antiaggregant, fibrinolytic, immunomodulatory, and antianemic. Allicin and ajoene were identified among some of the compounds in garlic which are beneficial for human health. Quantity varies depending on bulb maturity and harvest location, and values range between approximately 1mg/g and 9mg/g for allicin and 0.12 mg/g to 0.22 mg/g of garlic oil macerate for ajoene.

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Immunomodulatory Effects of Glutathione, Garlic Derivatives, and Hydrogen Sulfide

Cited by 73 publications

References 149 publications

Gut-Derived Metabolites and Their Role in Immune Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease

Gut-Derived Metabolites and Their Role in Immune Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease

Gene Expression Signature and Molecular Mechanism of Redox Homeostasis in Colorectal Cancer

Garlic (Allium sativum L) and Its beneficial properties for health: A Review

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