Immunomodulatory effect of xylazine, an α2 adrenergic agonist, on rat spleen cells in culture

Ćupić, Vitomir; Čolić, Miodrag; Pavičić, Ljiljana; Vučević, Dragana; Varagić, V.M.

doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00370-2

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The significance of NO for T-cell proliferation in vitro observed earlier (24,31,32) was also confirmed in this study, since L-NAME, an inhibitor of NOS, Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Waterloo on 11/18/14…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Our previous results (24) demonstrated that macrophages in spleen cell cultures, upon the stimulation with Con-A, produced NO, which inhibited the Figure 2: Effect of RJ components on the IL-2 production by Con-A -stimulated splenocytes. Splenocytes were cultivated for 24 h with Con-A alone, or Con-A with different concentrations of MEL components using the complete RPMI-1640 medium.…”

Section: Effect Of Mel 174 On the Production Of No By Con-a-stimulatementioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Activities of Royal Jelly ComponentsIn Vitro

Gašić¹,

Vučević²,

Vasilijić³

et al. 2007

Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology

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In this work the effect of different components isolated from royal jelly (RJ) was studied using an in vitro rat T-cell proliferation assay. We found that lower concentrations of MEL 174 (final water extract of RJ) and MEL 147 (3-10-dihydroxydecanoic acid) stimulated T-cell proliferation, triggered by concanavalin A (Con-A) and the process was followed by an increase in the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Higher concentrations of MEL 174, MEL 247 (dry powder of RJ) and MEL 138 (trans-10-hydroxydec-2-enoic acid) inhibited T-cell proliferation. The inhibition of T-cell proliferation in the presence of MEL 174 was followed by a decrease in IL-2 production, which was partly abrogated by exogenous IL-2, a decrease in nitric oxide (NO) production and increased apoptosis. In conclusion, our results showed the complexity of biological activity of RJ and suggest that its water extract possesses the most potent immunomodulatory activity in vitro.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Effect Of Mel 174 On the Production Of No By Con-a-stimulatementioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Activities of Royal Jelly ComponentsIn Vitro

Gašić¹,

Vučević²,

Vasilijić³

et al. 2007

Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology

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“…This may be due to the cytotoxic effect of dexmedetomidine itself or due to imidazoline receptors stimulus. Actually, xylazine, an α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist without an imidazole structure, did not induce apoptosis in rat neutrophils (3). Further studies are required to evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine administration on neutrophil apoptosis in the presence of an imidazoline receptor antagonist.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The effects of dexmedetomidine on human neutrophil apoptosis

et al. 2008

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“…Similarly, Yanpallewar et al have demonstrated that alpha-2 adrenoceptor blockade has a potent anti-depressant effect [43], while alpha-2 adrenoceptor blockade has been shown to have a potent anxiolytic effect [44], which could readily be extrapolated to insomnia. In relation to immune modulation, alpha-2 adrenoceptor stimulation has been show to induce immunosuppression [45], while blockade of these receptors results in immune enhancement [46]. Hence, acupuncture’s effect on both painful and non-painful conditions can be explained by invoking neural blockade, either directly or via secondary blockade of sympathetic efferents that activate alpha-2 adrenoceptors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is acupuncture “stimulation” a misnomer? A case for using the term “blockade”

Silberstein

2013

BMC Complement Altern Med

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BackgroundThe term used most frequently in the literature to describe acupuncture’s effects is “stimulation” which may be used to describe either (or both) the direct stimulus applied to a needle as well as putative stimulation of the nervous system, despite little published evidence describing what is actually being stimulated. In contrast, recent published work has suggested that acupuncture may, in fact be inhibitory at a peripheral level, acting by blocking neural transmission.DiscussionThe suggestion that acupuncture exerts its effects through peripheral neural blockade is supported by recent evidence explaining related techniques including low level laser and capsaicin at acupoints. It also explains acupuncture’s effect on painful and non-painful conditions and both Eastern and Western concepts of acupuncture. There is a need for additional work to elucidate acupuncture’s mechanism of action, and the suggestion that it acts through neural blockade should prompt further research in this direction.SummaryIf the term “blockade” were applied to acupuncture, this would, likely, be expected to promote this minimally invasive technique, and, potentially, bring it into mainstream clinical practice for pain management as well as other therapeutic applications.

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Immunomodulatory effect of xylazine, an α2 adrenergic agonist, on rat spleen cells in culture

Cited by 21 publications

References 35 publications

Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Activities of Royal Jelly ComponentsIn Vitro

Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Activities of Royal Jelly ComponentsIn Vitro

The effects of dexmedetomidine on human neutrophil apoptosis

Is acupuncture “stimulation” a misnomer? A case for using the term “blockade”

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