Immunomodulatory Effect of Electromagnetic Field in the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury

Patchana, Tye; Agrawal, Devendra K.; Connett, David; Baron, Dror; Miulli, Dan E

doi:10.26502/jbb.2642-91280069

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Differential gene expression in these two swine may be due to the difference in the time of application of EMF [ 40 ]. The frequency for pre-synaptic and post-synaptic action potentials and cell maintenance ranges between 30–5000 Hz [ 41 ]. EMF regulates metabolism and transport of neurotransmitters which play an important role in cognitive and emotional behavior [ 42 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptomic Analysis of Gene Expression and Effect of Electromagnetic Field in Brain Tissue after Traumatic Brain Injury

Rai,

Mendoza-Mari,

Brazdzionis

et al. 2024

J Biotechnol Biomed

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) due to a direct blow or penetrating injury to the head damages the brain tissue and affects brain function. Primary and secondary damage to the brain tissue increases disability, morbidity, and mortality and costs millions of dollars in treatment. Injury to the brain tissue results in the activation of various inflammatory and repair pathways involving many cellular and molecular factors. Increased infiltration of immune cells to clear the debris and lesion healing, activation of Schwann cells, myelination, oligodendrocyte formation, and axonal regeneration occur after TBI to regenerate the tissue. However, secondary damage to brain tissue results in behavioral symptoms. Repair and regeneration are regulated by a complex cascade involving various cells, hormones, and proteins. A change in the expression of various proteins due to altered gene expression may be the cause of impaired repair and the sequelae in TBI. In this pilot study, we used a Yucatan miniswine model of TBI with and without electromagnetic field (EMF) stimulation and investigated the differential gene expression between injured and non-injured cortex tissues. We found several differentially expressed genes including INSC, TTR, CFAP126, SEMA3F, CALB1, CDH19, and SERPINE1. These genes are associated with immune cell infiltration, myelination, reactive oxygen species regulation, thyroid hormone transportation, cell proliferation, and cell migration. There was a time-dependent effect of EMF stimulation on the gene and protein expression. The findings support the beneficial effect of EMF stimulation in the repair process following TBI.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptomic Analysis of Gene Expression and Effect of Electromagnetic Field in Brain Tissue after Traumatic Brain Injury

Rai,

Mendoza-Mari,

Brazdzionis

et al. 2024

J Biotechnol Biomed

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“…Despite these encouraging results, reports regarding EMF effects in TBI are still limited. Recently, our group developed an animal model of TBI in pigs, based on a Controlled Cortical Impact (CCI), in which EMF was applied, demonstrating that the evaluation of brain neuronal circuits can be appropriately assessed with this technology [ 24 - 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of Inflammatory Response by Electromagnetic Field Stimulation in Traumatic Brain Injury in Yucatan Swine

Mendoza-Mari,

Rai,

M. Radwan

et al. 2024

J Spine Res Surg

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Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide and represents a high economic burden for families and national health systems. After mechanical impact to the head, the first stage of the damage comprising edema, physical damage, and cell loss gives rise to a second phase characterized by glial activation, increased oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, mitochondrial damage, and exacerbated neuroinflammatory state, among other molecular calamities. Inflammation strongly influences the molecular events involved in the pathogenesis of TBI. Therefore, several components of the inflammatory cascade have been targeted in experimental therapies. Application of Electromagnetic Field (EMF) stimulation has been found to be effective in some inflammatory conditions. However, its effect in the neuronal recovery after TBI is not known. In this pilot study, Yucatan miniswine were subjected to TBI using controlled cortical impact approach. EMF stimulation via a helmet was applied immediately or two days after mechanical impact. Three weeks later, inflammatory markers were assessed in the brain tissues of injured and contralateral non-injured areas of control and EMF-treated animals by histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Our results revealed that EMF stimulation induced beneficial effect with the preservation of neuronal tissue morphology as well as the reduction of inflammatory markers at the transcriptional and translational levels. Immediate EMF application showed better resolution of inflammation. Although further studies are warranted, our findings contribute to the notion that EMF stimulation could be an effective therapeutic approach in TBI patients.

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“…These functions cause changes in neurons nearby, allowing for spatial and temporal summation. Correspondingly, the changes in electrical charge within neurons cause a necessary change in the electromagnetic field due to Faraday's law [ 5 ]. Furthermore, as neurons function through electrical and chemical transmission systems to generate action potentials that work in summation to participate in appropriate processes modulating abnormal activity may help promote neurons in non-injured regions with disrupted inputs to participate in their appropriate functions [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Correspondingly, the changes in electrical charge within neurons cause a necessary change in the electromagnetic field due to Faraday's law [ 5 ]. Furthermore, as neurons function through electrical and chemical transmission systems to generate action potentials that work in summation to participate in appropriate processes modulating abnormal activity may help promote neurons in non-injured regions with disrupted inputs to participate in their appropriate functions [ 5 , 6 ]. By restoring this EMF environment to an appropriate "normal", there is thought that neuroplasticity may be more likely, and there may even be restorative effects [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Swine Model of Neural Circuit Electromagnetic Fields: Effects of Immediate Electromagnetic Field Stimulation on Cortical Injury

Brazdzionis,

Radwan,

Thankam

et al. 2023

Cureus

Self Cite

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Background Neurologic diseases have profound disability, mortality, and socioeconomic effects worldwide. Treatment of these disorders varies but is largely limited to unique factors associated with neural physiology. Early studies have evaluated alterations in electromagnetic fields (EMF) due to neural disorders with subsequent modulation of EMF as a potential treatment modality. Swine models have begun to be evaluated as translational models in this effect. Methods EMF measurements of a Yucatan miniswine were recorded using proprietary non-contact, non-invasive induction sensors with a dual layer Mu-metal and interlaced copper mesh helmet. The swine then underwent controlled cortical impact (CCI) to simulate traumatic brain injury (TBI). Twenty minutes post-injury after surgical wound closure, the swine underwent targeted EMF signal modulation using a signal generator to stimulate the swine's injured cortical circuit using a sinusoidal wave individualized at 2.5 Hz with a 500mV positive offset at 1V. After 10 days of stimulation, settings were modified to another individualized frequency of 5.5 Hz, 500mV positive offset and 1V for stimulation. Behavioral patterns in swine were evaluated, and EMF measurements were recorded daily prior to, during, and after stimulation. Artificial intelligence (AI) models evaluated patterns in EMF signals. Histology of the stimulated swine cortex was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin staining and pentachrome staining and compared to a control swine without stimulation and a swine that had received stimulation two days post-injury in a delayed fashion. Serial serum specimens and tissue at the time of euthanasia were obtained for assessment of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) concentration. Results Pre-operative and post-stimulation measurements demonstrated differences in patterns and activity early on. There was an identified peak at 1.6Hz, not frequently seen pre-operatively. There were convergent frequencies in both data sets at 10.5 Hz and 3.9 Hz. Plateaus and decreased variability of changes in slope were identified early in the post-injury phase. AI modeling identified early similarities in pre-operative and post-stimulation measurements through the patterns of peaks with similarities on postoperative day 10 and similarities in the valleys on postoperative day 17. Histologic specimens identified increased degrees of apoptosis and cellular death in the non-stimulated control compared to the stimulated swine. Similarly, the immediately stimulated swine had less apoptosis and increased histologic viability at the site of injury compared to the two-day delayed stimulation swine. There were increased levels of NSE noted in the stimulated swine at the site of injury compared to non-injured sites and the control swine. Conclusions Cortical function was appropriately measured through induction sensors and shielding in the form of a helmet and electromagnetic field channels. Early stimulation resulted ...

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Immunomodulatory Effect of Electromagnetic Field in the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury

Cited by 7 publications

References 49 publications

Transcriptomic Analysis of Gene Expression and Effect of Electromagnetic Field in Brain Tissue after Traumatic Brain Injury

Transcriptomic Analysis of Gene Expression and Effect of Electromagnetic Field in Brain Tissue after Traumatic Brain Injury

Modulation of Inflammatory Response by Electromagnetic Field Stimulation in Traumatic Brain Injury in Yucatan Swine

A Swine Model of Neural Circuit Electromagnetic Fields: Effects of Immediate Electromagnetic Field Stimulation on Cortical Injury

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