Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of Phellinus linteus mycelium

Abstract

Background The present study extensively aimed to evaluate the underlying mechanism of the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of Phellinus linteus mycelium (PLM). Methods To assess whether PLM influences the production of markers related to inflammation, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were treated with PLM (50, 100, 200, and 500 μg/mL). Splenocyte, thymus, peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from the Balb/c mice treated with Korean red ginseng or PLM once a day for 5 weeks. Moreover, all mice except normal mice were stimulated with 10% proteose peptone (PP) treated 3 days before the sacrifice and 2% starch treated 2 days before the sacrifice. Subsequently, the cytotropic substance was evaluated by using flow cytometry analysis and ELISA assay. Results PLM200 treatment significantly suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and inhibited the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α dose-dependently in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. PLM200 supplementation showed a significant increase in IL-2, IL-12, and interferon (IFN)-γ production and upregulated the ratio of IFN-γ (T-helper type 1, Th1) to IL-4 (T-helper type 2, Th2) in splenocytes. After PLM200 treatment, the significant elevation of CD4+CD25+, CD4+&CD8+, and CD4+CD69+ treatment were detected in thymus. Moreover, CD4+ and CD4+CD69+ in PBMC and CD69+ in PEC were also shown in a significant increase. Conclusions Taken together, these results showed an immunomodulatory effect of PLM about an elevated INF-γ/IL4 ratio, as an index of Th1/Th2, as well as the anti-inflammatory effect in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that PLM possesses immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects.

Immune-Enhancing Effect of Submerged Culture of Ceriporia lacerata Mycelia on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice and the Underlying Mechanisms in Macrophages

“…Therefore, the search for natural ingredients for immune treatment is important for the development of new therapeutics. Studies have shown that edible and medicinal mushrooms, such as Phellinus baumii and Phellinus linteus , have great therapeutic potential [ 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”

Evaluation of the Effects of Euglena gracilis on Enhancing Immune Responses in RAW264.7 Cells and a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Mouse Model

“…T and B lymphocytes play important roles in inducing effective immune responses [ 27 ]. ConA is a mitogen that stimulates only T lymphocyte proliferation.…”

“…The CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocyte proportions and the CD4 + /CD8 + ratio are indicators of biological immune function [ 28 , 29 ]. During T-cell activation, IFN-γ and IL-2 are essential cytokines produced by T cells to exert immunological effects [ 27 , 30 ]. Th1 cells mostly enhance cell-mediated immunity, and Th2 cells enhance humoral immunity.…”

Effects of Phellinus linteus extract on immunity improvement: A CONSORT-randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial

“…The immunostimulatory and antiinflammatory effects of fermented extract from the PL KCCM KSW01 strain have been reported in a nonclinical study. [9] In the present clinical trial, fermented PL extract or placebo was administered to 98 patients for 8 weeks, and the effects of PL extract on immune activity were analyzed using the LDH cytotoxicity assay.…”