Immunomodulatory and Anti-IBDV Activities of the Polysaccharide AEX from Coccomyxa gloeobotrydiformis

Guo, Qiang; Shao, Qiang; Xu, Wenping; Li, Rui; Sumi, Ryo; Eguchi, Fumio; Li, Zandong

doi:10.3390/md15020036

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…This interaction is virustatic, holding virions inert and preventing infection. A similar mechanism has been suggested across many other types of algae-derived polysaccharides, including xylomannan [ 97 ], p-KG03 [ 98 ], AEX [ 99 ], GFP [ 100 ], and PMG [ 64 ].…”

Section: Viral Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 57%

Viral inhibitors derived from macroalgae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria: A review of antiviral potential throughout pathogenesis

et al. 2021

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Viruses are abiotic obligate parasites utilizing complex mechanisms to hijack cellular machinery and reproduce, causing multiple harmful effects in the process. Viruses represent a growing global health concern; at the time of writing, COVID-19 has killed at least two million people around the world and devastated global economies. Lingering concern regarding the virus' prevalence yet hampers return to normalcy. While catastrophic in and of itself, COVID-19 further heralds in a new era of human-disease interaction characterized by the emergence of novel viruses from natural sources with heretofore unseen frequency. Due to deforestation, population growth, and climate change, we are encountering more viruses that can infect larger groups of people with greater ease and increasingly severe outcomes. The devastation of COVID-19 and forecasts of future human/disease interactions call for a creative reconsideration of global response to infectious disease. There is an urgent need for accessible, cost-effective antiviral (AV) drugs that can be mass-produced and widely distributed to large populations. Development of AV drugs should be informed by a thorough understanding of viral structure and function as well as human biology. To maximize efficacy, minimize cost, and reduce development of drug-resistance, these drugs would ideally operate through a varied set of mechanisms at multiple stages throughout the course of infection. Due to their abundance and diversity, natural compounds are ideal for such comprehensive therapeutic interventions. Promising sources of such drugs are found throughout nature; especially remarkable are the algae, a polyphyletic grouping of phototrophs that produce diverse bioactive compounds. While not much literature has been published on the subject, studies have shown that these compounds exert antiviral effects at different stages of viral pathogenesis. In this review, we follow the course of viral infection in the human body and evaluate the AV effects of algae-derived compounds at each stage. Specifically, we examine the AV activities of algae-derived compounds at the entry of viruses into the body, transport through the body via the lymph and blood, infection of target cells, and immune response. We discuss what is known about algae-derived compounds that may interfere with the infection pathways of SARS-CoV-2; and review which algae are promising sources for AV agents or AV precursors that, with further investigation, may yield life-saving drugs due to their diversity of mechanisms and exceptional pharmaceutical potential.

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Section: Viral Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 57%

Viral inhibitors derived from macroalgae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria: A review of antiviral potential throughout pathogenesis

et al. 2021

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“…Sulfated polysaccharides from the cyanobacteria Spirulina have been used as antiviral drugs both in vivo and in vitro, while polysaccharides from eukaryotic microalgae, such as Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus quadricauda, and Dunaliella sp., have high inhibitory viral activity [24]. The p-KG103 derived from the marine microalga Gyrodinium impudium can prevent tumor cell growth by stimulating cytokine production [25]. The sulfated polysaccharide from Tribonema sp.…”

Section: Polysaccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advancements and Future Perspectives of Microalgae-Derived Pharmaceuticals

et al. 2021

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Microalgal cells serve as solar-powered factories that produce pharmaceuticals, recombinant proteins (vaccines and drugs), and valuable natural byproducts that possess medicinal properties. The main advantages of microalgae as cell factories can be summarized as follows: they are fueled by photosynthesis, are carbon dioxide-neutral, have rapid growth rates, are robust, have low-cost cultivation, are easily scalable, pose no risk of human pathogenic contamination, and their valuable natural byproducts can be further processed. Despite their potential, there are many technical hurdles that need to be overcome before the commercial production of microalgal pharmaceuticals, and extensive studies regarding their impact on human health must still be conducted and the results evaluated. Clearly, much work remains to be done before microalgae can be used in the large-scale commercial production of pharmaceuticals. This review focuses on recent advancements in microalgal biotechnology and its future perspectives.

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“…On the other hand it was found recently, that Coenobotrys (Coccomyxa) gloeobotrydiformis may produce an anti-inflammatory compound that even might act against allergic reactions [ 180 ], whereas a different species of the genus Coccomyxa is regarded as potentially harmful [ 17 ]. In addition, Fucoxanthin, a major accessory pigment in Xanthophyceae and marine Phaeophyceae exhibits qualities beneficial to human health as there are indications that it may positively influence atopic dermatitis [ 181 ].…”

Section: Allergenic Algae and The Built Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic or Otherwise Harmful Algae and the Built Environment

Hofbauer

2021

Toxins

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This article gives a comprehensive overview on potentially harmful algae occurring in the built environment. Man-made structures provide diverse habitats where algae can grow, mainly aerophytic in nature. Literature reveals that algae that is potentially harmful to humans do occur in the anthropogenic environment in the air, on surfaces or in water bodies. Algae may negatively affect humans in different ways: they may be toxic, allergenic and pathogenic to humans or attack human structures. Toxin-producing alga are represented in the built environment mainly by blue green algae (Cyanoprokaryota). In special occasions, other toxic algae may also be involved. Green algae (Chlorophyta) found airborne or growing on manmade surfaces may be allergenic whereas Cyanoprokaryota and other forms may not only be toxic but also allergenic. Pathogenicity is found only in a special group of algae, especially in the genus Prototheca. In addition, rare cases with infections due to algae with green chloroplasts are reported. Algal action may be involved in the biodeterioration of buildings and works of art, which is still discussed controversially. Whereas in many cases the disfigurement of surfaces and even the corrosion of materials is encountered, in other cases a protective effect on the materials is reported. A comprehensive list of 79 taxa of potentially harmful, airborne algae supplemented with their counterparts occurring in the built environment, is given. Due to global climate change, it is not unlikely that the built environment will suffer from more and higher amounts of harmful algal species in the future. Therefore, intensified research in composition, ecophysiology and development of algal growth in the built environment is indicated.

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Immunomodulatory and Anti-IBDV Activities of the Polysaccharide AEX from Coccomyxa gloeobotrydiformis

Cited by 15 publications

References 45 publications

Viral inhibitors derived from macroalgae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria: A review of antiviral potential throughout pathogenesis

Viral inhibitors derived from macroalgae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria: A review of antiviral potential throughout pathogenesis

Recent Advancements and Future Perspectives of Microalgae-Derived Pharmaceuticals

Toxic or Otherwise Harmful Algae and the Built Environment

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