Immunomodulators isolated from microorganisms

Abstract

Microbial products are surveyed that have an immunoregulatory activity, both from the realm of low-molar-mass compounds and from the group of naturally occurring polymers. The data include in most cases the producer organism or source, a brief chemical characteristic and biological activity. Various groups of substances are compared, the drawbacks attendant on their acquisition and application are pointed out and their advantageous properties are specified.

Immunostimulatory activities of Bacillus simplex DR-834 to carp (Cyprinus carpio)

“…Natural immunostimulants are biocompatible, biodegradable and safe for the environment and human health [42], offering an alternative to the drugs, chemicals and antibiotics currently used in fish culture to control disease. Microbial products are surveyed that have an immunoregulatory activity, both from compounds with lowmolar-mass and the group of naturally occurring polymers [43]. The components of bacterial cell wall, such as MDP, peptidoglucan and LPS, were attributed to the immunostimulatory effects of aquatic animals [9,11,13].…”

Hygrobafilomycin, a cytotoxic and antifungal macrolide bearing a unique monoalkylmaleic anhydride moiety, from Streptomyces varsoviensis

“…1 Natural hygrolidin and bafilomycin derivatives differ in the substitution pattern of the polyketide backbone (C-2 and tetrahydropyran ring), as well as optional side chains. These well-known actinomyces metabolites are pharmacologically important, because of their biological activities including antiparasitic, antitumor and immunosuppressant, [2][3][4][5] together with bactericidal, fungicidal, insecticidal and herbicidal effects. [6][7][8] Bafilomycin A1 (2) is a highly potent and specific inhibitor of vacuolar ATPase enzymes, 9,10 and has a role as carrier type K + ionophore, 11 which has led to a considerable interest in these metabolites.…”

Coordination between TLR9 Signaling in Macrophages and CD3 Signaling in T Cells Induces Robust Expression of IL-30

“…These data suggest that T cell activation via CD3 is essential for maximal induction of IL30. To further confirm the crucial role of T cells in inducing IL30, the presence of concanamycin A, a known inhibitor of T cells (10), completely inhibited the CD3/CD28/CpG-induced IL30 induction (Fig. 2 D ).…”